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John Gach Books, Inc. 10514 Marriottsville Road (Rear Building) PO Box 267 Randallstown, Maryland 21133 |
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John Gach Books, Inc. 10514 Marriottsville Road (Rear Building) PO Box 267 Randallstown, Maryland 21133 |
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Section 3: Books Printed Before 1800 (K-N)
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Contains the doctor's report, various judicial/inquisitorial documents, and an account of the inquisition of Lazar Abeles. An important anti-Semitic tract that in its time caused a considerable stir in central Europe. First published in 1696 (at least the imprimatur reads 1696 and the British Library appears to have a 1696 copy). No copy located in OCLC, though, reasonably enough, the Czech National Library has a copy of this edition (but not of the 1696)."According to the report of the Jesuit John Eder [citing Eder's 1694 Mannhafte Beständigkeit des zwölfjährigen Knaben Simons Abeles], he [i.e., Simon Abeles] was killed by his father, Lazarus Abeles, March 21, 1694, because he persisted in his desire to embrace the Christian religion. The father, who was thrown into prison, strangled himself with his tefillin. Söbl or Levy Kurtzhandl, was imprisoned as an alleged accomplice and put to death with horrible tortures. The body of Simon was buried in the Teyn Church of Prague with great pomp and with the honors due a martyr" [Jewish Encyclopedia I: 51-52].
The third book in English on suicide, after Sym's 1637 Lifes Preservative Against Self-Killing and John Donne's 1647 Biothanatos, which Adams critically discusses. Adams already complained of the "General Supposition that every one who kills himself is non Compos, and that nobody wou'd do such an Action unless he were Distracted." Contains lengthy discussions of views about suicide in antiquity.
W. S. Howell Eighteenth Century British Logic and Rhetoric (Princeton UP, 1971), pp. 42-60; Andrew Pyle Dictionary of Seventeenth-Century British Philosophers I, pp. 11-12. Howell notes that there were two distinct versions of the early editions, a short & a long form. This fourth edition, the last edition published in Aldrich's lifetime, appears to be the first edition to combine both versions, and thus the first complete edition. It contains a 12 page Praefatio discussing the history of logic through the Scholastics; added sections on method (pp. 99-102) and the use of logic (pp. 102-129); an unpaginated 17 page Conclusio discussing recent contributions to logic from Lull on, including the Port Royal Logic. All the early editions are now scarce.A Churchman, scholar, composer, and architect at Oxford in the latter half of the 17th century, Aldrich was Dean of Christ Church from 1689 until his death, and vice chancellor of Oxford in 1692. His Artis logicae compendium was a widely used textbook into the 1860s. John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, translated it into English in 1750. Henry Mansel edited an edition with numerous notes and references in 1849. It "took the place of Sanderson's similar treatise in the study of logical theory at Oxford and elsewhere, and because it not only carried the outlines of Aristotelian doctrine across the years between 1691 and 1825 in England, but it also provided the inspiration for the tremendous increase in the popularity of Peripatetic logic among English logicians of the first three decades of the nineteenth century. Thus it has an importance that contradicts the expectations created by its small size, its condensed style, and its status as a textbook for college undergraduates" [Howell p. 42].
Not in Wing. OCLC locates only the University of Iowa copy. The letters and documents are all in the original Latin or French, with two translated into English.
OCLC records only 2 copies of Le Nonce, at Syracuse and the Newberry Library, and none of the Sentence. The Bibliothèque National Nr. for the Sentence is FRBNF33734096; the BN has a number of copies of Le Nonce. Page 7 of the Sentence has the printed signature "Musnier," possibly either François or André Musnier, both of whom were writing on political subjects in the 1630s. Neither OCLC nor the BN ascribe an author to either pamphlet.
Later printing of the 6th revised and enlarged edition—the last lifetime edition.
The famous Port-Royal logic, which revolutionized the treatment of logic. Though realy a "handbook on method rather than a study of formal logic in the strict sense, it was strongly and conscously Cartesian — roughly, a development from Descarte's Regulae rather than Aristotle's Prior Analytica. By greatly elaborating the theory of clear and distinct ideas, Anauld sought to provide a way to science that would avoid Pyrrhonism" [Harry M. Bracken's essay on Arnauld in the the Encyclopedai of Philosophy 1: 465].
Hunter & Macalpine pp. 467-71; GM-5 #4920 (first edition: "Best historical account to the time." The first psychiatric textbook and the first multi-volume psychiatric work.Arnold proposed a new psychiatric nosology while his attention to clinical detail set a new standard for psychiatric scholarship. A famous provincial psychiarist, Arnold "owned a large private madhouse — judging from the number of patients admitted the third largest in the country — and acted as psychiatric consultant for a wide area" [Hunter & Macalpine, p. 467].
Gibson 153; STC 1157. The second of Bacon's proposed six natural histories, which were intended to illustrate the new way of investigating nature that he had described in Novum Organum. Bacon's new way was inductive and empirical—in short what we today call scientific method. Of these illustrative books, Bacon did finish two: Historia ventorum (1622) and Historia vitae et mortis (1623), while the third, the unfinished Historia densi et rari was published posthumously by his secretary William Rawley in 1658.A pirated translation (translator unknown) that appeared several months before Rawley's authorized translation. "The work is an elaborate collection of data on factors governing durability in things animate and inanimate, and mortality in living ones. Like the Historia ventorum, the proto-statistical Historia vitae had a powerful effect on the character of seventeenth-century 'natural-historical' Baconianism, as evidenced, for example, in the work of John Graunt and William Petty on the bills of mortality and the development of 'political arithmetick'. And again, like the Historia densi et rari, the Historia vitae exhibits great faith in the efficacy of quantitative data in natural philosophy, a faith with which Bacon has seldom been credited by many of his critics" [pages 41-42 of Graham Rees's article on Bacon in The Dictionary of Seventeenth-Century British Philosophers, ed. by Andrew Pyle, Volume 1].
The reports of both Royal Commissions along with Bailly's summary of the Faculty's report and d'Eslon's spirited critique of both reports, in which he condemned their prohibition against the practice of animal magnetism. A nice collection of the most important documents relating to the reports of the two commissions, the highly negative conclusions of which destroyed Mesmer's scientific pretensions for animal magnetism, consigning it to fringe science for several generations, until it reemerged in the mid-19th century as a slightly more respectable hypnotism. Very controversial, the reports stimulated for years the publication of pamphlets and books defending or excoriating their negative conclusions.
Jessop p. 95; Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century British Philosophers I: 54-55. A Scottish metaphysician who apparently made his living as a tutor, Baxter wrote several philosophical books, of which this is by far his most important. According to Baxter, matter is not immortal, while the human soul is both immaterial and immortal. Baxter addresses significant mind-body issues, such as whether disembodied life is like embodied life, e.g., can disembodied human souls act, perceive, and remember as they did when embodied? Section VI (pages 196-299) deals entirely with dreaming (expanded in the 1737 second edition into most of the second volume). Baxter argues that dreaming is not just "the effect of mechanism" but "the effect of a living designing cause." Section VII attempts to refute Berkeley's "scheme against the existence of matter."
Jessop p. 95. A Scottish metaphysician who apparently made his living as a tutor, Baxter wrote several philosophical books, of which this is by far his most important. Most of the second volume is devoted to a discussion of dreaming. "The main issues dealt with in it are whether the soul is material or immaterial; whether it is immortal; and, if it is immortal, whether disembodied life is like embodied life. For instance, can disembodied human souls act, perceive and remember just as they did when embodied? Three other subjects discussed in the Enquiry are whether dreaming is 'the effect of mechanism' or 'the effect of a living designing cause' (Baxter opts for the latter); whether Berkeley's 'scheme against the existence of matter' is conclusive (Baxter holds that it is not); and whether matter is eternal (Baxter holds it is not)" [Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century British Philosophers 1: 54-55].
Jessop page 99.
Scottish common-sense philosopher, colleague of Reid's, and professor of moral philosophy at Marischal College, Aberdeen from 1860, Beattie was famous for his refutation of Hume in his 1778 Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth. "An important, albeit minor figure in the Scottish Enlightenment, Beattie had the misfortune usually to be on the wrong side in his controversies — he opposed Hume and sided with Macpherson in the dispute over Ossian" [Rieber catalog #37].
Jessop p. 97; Rieber Catalog #36 (6th edition). The second edition is enlarged by the addition of a postscript (pp. 531-568) in which Beattie responded to critics of the first edition. A genuine comfort to Christian apologists rattled by Hume's scepticism, Despite his publisher's complete lack of faith in it, Beattie's book had by 1778 seen its sixth edition.Beattie's first book, written mostly in an attempt to refute Hume's scepticism. Appointed Professor of Moral Philosophy and Logic at Aberdeen in 1760, Beattie was an influential Scottish realist whose fame was secured — surprisingly — by his first book. "Surprisingly," because, as Jessop wrote, "Only with difficulty did this ungentle diatribe against Hume find a publisher and the one who accepted it required the full cost of publication to be borne by the author." And here it is in the next year, already in a slightly expanded second edition. Beattie's book led to a meeting with the King, a £200 pension, and a LL.D. from Oxford.
Crabtree #36; Caillet 979 (citing the Hague imprint); not in the Norman Catalog; Tinterow p. 18; Blake p. 42; Wellcome II, p. 147.A lawyer, Bergasse was a key figure in the spread of Mesmerism. When Mesmer felt threatened by D'Eslon in 1782, Bergasse and the financier Kornmann formulated the plan to found the Societé de l'Harmonie. The idea worked, succeeding in enriching Mesmer and in creating a broad base of support for Mesmerism. It is in this book that Bergasse expounds his mesmerically-founded philosophical theory. The book angered Mesmer and resulted in Bergasse leaving the society.
Published without Berkeley's name on the title-pages. Volume two contains the third edition of A New Theory of Vision, with a separate title-page. Widely influential the New Theory is generally regarded as the most significant directly psychological text published in the 18th century.Written during his stay in Newport, Rhode Island, this is Berkeley's attempt to refute the materialism of the free-thinkers.
"As one of London's most popular preachers and later as Archbishop of Canterbury, [Tillotson] led a movement within the Church to secure a greater comprehension for nonconformists, stressing the essential reasonableness of the faith and the need for a minimal creed. He believed that the differences between the majority of dissenters and Anglicans did not involve theological matters but instead centred on less important questions of order and practice. . . . He was an active participant in the effort to forward both a Toleration Bill and a Comprehension Bill in the aftermath of the 1688 Revolution. . . . Tillotson's clear and simple pulpit style, as evidenced in over 250 published sermons, placed him at the forefront of an intense controversy within the Church of England over the role of reason in the life of the spirit" [Dictionary of Seventeenth Century British Philosophers 2: 811].
Christian was Professor of the Laws of England at Cambridge. The first edition (of only a handful) to be illustrated with portraits.
The more important of Bonnet's two explicitly psychology books. Bonnet, regarded as one of the founders of biology as an experimental science, turned to psychology and philosophy in the 1750s after he had ruined his eyes doing microscopical work. "In his own mind Bonnet seems to have considered that he was defending the reality and activity of the soul. In fact, he made the brain and the physiological factors bear the whole burden of the work. Though he declined to be called a materialist, his interest in the animal organism gave his work a materialistic appearance. His empiricism is as thoroughgoing as Condillac's, but his outlook and method give him a different historical standing. He indicates the way of development for a new type of psychology, a distinctive physiological psychology" [Brett's History of Psychology, abridged edition, p. 481]. Diamond 16.7: "formulated the drainage theory of attention which would be popular for 150 years." Zusne #58 "anticipated the specificity of nerve energies. His neurophysiologically based empiricism makes him a precursor of the physiological psychology that was to develop in the 19th century."
A widely read treatise on despotic systems of government in Asia, written as a kind of introduction to Montesquieu's Esprit de loix. The 1764 English translation was probably done by John Wilkes. There were numerous 18th century editions and an abridge form of the text appeared in the Encyclopédie as "Oeconomie politique."
Wellcome II, p. 216; OCLC records only two copies: Countway & Wellcome. Though this is very late, given Boursier's date of death, we can find no record of an earlier edition.An erudite French Jansenist abbé, theologian, and member of faculty of the Sorbonne, Boursier is best known for his 1713 book De l'action de Dieu sur les créatures, ou de la prémotion physique. In his 1715 final book, Réflexions sur la prémotion physique, Malebranche responded to Boursier's claim in his De l'action de Dieu that occasionalism leads naturally to the Thomistic position that God determines our action by means of a physical premotion.
Published after a lengthy correspondence with Darwin, Brown's first book is essentially a devastating 560 page book review. Brown's criticisms mostly concern problems of sensation and the association of ideas. The influence of Berkeley & Reid is evident throughout. Brown was one of the first English-speaking philosophers to take note of Kant, writing an article on him for the second number of the Edinburgh Review.
Yolton Locke Bibliography p. 455; Rieber Catalog #70. Provost of Trinity College while Berkeley was there and later Bishop of Cork, Browne attacked Toland in his first book A Letter in Answer to a Book Entitled Christianity Not Mysterious (1697). Browne's two original books were this book and his 1733 Divine Analogy. "Browne could not accept Locke's account of knowledge by means of ideas, when it came to be applied to mind. Mind and body, he held, are not known in the same way. We have, indeed, ideas of our mental operations as these are connected with the body; but minds or spirits - whether divine or human - can be known only by analogy" [Sorley A History of English Philosophy, p. 135]. In his 1732 Alciphron Berkeley criticized Browne's views as leading to atheism.
The first collected edition of Browne's works.
Wing (2nd ed.) 5462A & 5467 (Chironomia); GM-5 3346; Wellcome II p. 270; Rieber Catalog 77. Bulwer's first and second books. Though the Chironomia was only issued with the Chirologia, Bulwer regarded it as a separate work.A foundation text for kinesics and a pathbreaking work in the study of body language, gesture, sign language, rhetoric, and deafness. An early English proponent of Baconian natural philosophy, Bulwer argued here in his first two published works that gesticulation was a natural human language, the rhetoric of which he discussed in the second book. Bulwer was the first to emphasize the use of gestures in public speaking and the first to illustrate such gestures with pictures.
Wing B5801.
Not in OCLC. The only work of Cadana's listed in OCLC is a single copy of the 1641 Venice edition at St. Bonaventure University. Our copy conforms exactly to the copy in the Italian National Library in Rome, ID BVEE046794.A book of Christological sermons by this Franciscan priest of the Order of Friars Minor or Capuchins. A Scotist, Cadana was perhaps best known for his Dicta philosophica in VIII libros physicorum ad mentem Scoti (Turin, 1655). The Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale in Florence lists 5 books by him from 1638 to 1643. In 1996 Franco Barcia published a book on him: Salvatore Cadana: diplomazia e ragion di stato alla corte dei Savoia (1597-1654).
OCLC records only 5 copies. Attributed variously to Francesco Barberi and Stefan Anton Marcello, this was in any case written by a member of the team of Inquisitors. OCLC gives Giovanni Barberi (1748-1821) as the author of the original Italian edition, but helpfully gives Francesco Barberi as the author of this German edition. Notorious occultist and promoter of Freemasony (which is what got him in trouble with the Inquisition), Cagliostro, who may have been the same person as Joseph Balsamo, traveled throughout Europe with his occult sideshow, mystifying and bamboozling aristocrats while helping to relieve them of some of their unneeded wealth. For an excellent and sober account of his life see the Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology, 4th ed., I: 191-195.
GM-5 381; Choulant History and Bibliography of Anatomic Illustration pp. 223-228; Roberts & Tomlinson The Fabric of the Body pp. 262-63. OCLC locates only 1 copy of the 4to edition, at the National Library of Sweden. Also known as Casserius and Julius Casserius Placentinus (i.e., of Piacenza), Casserio was a pupil of Fabricius ab Aquapendente, and, from 1604, his successor as professor of anatomy at Padua. From 1600 until his death Casserio worked on an ambitious work covering the whole field of human anatomy, but he did not live to complete it. Casserio's successor at Padua was Adrian van der Spieghel (1578-1625), also known as Spigelius. In his will, Spieghel asked Daniel Rindfleisch of Breslau (Bucretius) to publish his book De humani corporis fabrica, an unillustrated manuscript. Rindfleisch requested and received 78 plates from Cassserio's heirs to use as illustrations for Spieghel's book, but one was ruined, leaving 77. Bucretius added 20 plates drawn & engraved by the same artists and published the book in 1627 in folio with 97 fine copper-engraved plates, each with a descriptive page of text. In fact, there were two 1627 folio editions, one under Casserio's name with the 97 plates, each with an page of explanatory text; and an edition published under Spieghel's name with the text of his book plus the same 97 plates. Spieghel's son-in-law, the Padua physician Liberalis Crema, had purchased several other copperplates from Casserio's grandson. In 1626 he published some selections from Spieghel's unpublished works, using nine of the plates with his own explanatory text added. This appeared under Spigelius's name as De formato foetu …. Though Choulant states these 9 plates were not reproduced in the 1632 edition, he has to be partly wrong, for plates XVII to XXI of Book VIII seem to be five of the 9 plates—indeed, Choulant reproduces a full page illustration of plate XVIII (page 185 in the 1632 edition). Of these plates Choulant remarks that "they are among Casserius' most beautiful engravings. Four of them [two present in this 1632 edition] represent entire female figures with the abdomen cut open. At their feet we see decorative landscapes" [p. 226]."Casserius' plates mark a new epoch in the history of anatomic representation, owing to the correctness of their anatomic drawing, their tasteful arrangement, and the beauty of their technical execution. And this all the more, since they cover the whole field of anatomy and have become the models for anatomic illustrations in copper, just as the Vesalian representations had been for anatomic woodcuts. The woodcut was now entirely abandoned. Its means of reproduction had proved insufficient in view of the necessarily more minute representation required at this time" [Choulant [page 228]. "[T]he largest number of plates, forty-three — and these perhaps the most memorable — are to be found in Liber IV, on the muscles. There are also interesting illustrations on the genito-urinary system in Liber VIII and on the Brain in Liber X. … [Casserio and then Bucretius] had reconsidered ways of presenting human anatomy. In doing so they produced the first original series of illustrations of the anatomy of the human body since Vesalius, Estienne and Eustachio" [The Fabric of the Body]. Some of the plates on muscles were used somewhat later for John Browne's Myographia Nova.
Cole Chemical Literature 1700-1860: A Bibliography #296. One of the most important period textbooks of chemistry, which was translated into German, Spanish, Italian, and English. This third edition is the last real revision—Cole notes that the 1803 fourth edition appears to reprint the text of the third. "New facts and applications are added [to this edition], especially information on potassium nitrate, the making of soap and the tanning of leather" [Cole].At the time Professor of Chemistry at the University of Montpellier (a position created expressly for him), Chaptal was one of the first adherents of Lavoisier's anti-phlogiston oxygen theory. He "had a lifelong interest in chemical manufacture and achieved success in its commercial as well as its scientific side. He set up the first French factory for the commercial production of sulphuric acid" [Trevor Williams, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists (Wiley, 1969), p. 104].
Freeman 1979 p. 64, cited as one of the 100 classic works on aging. A second edition appeared in 1725; Blake p. 86; Heirs of Hippocrates 761; Osler 2303 (2nd edition); Wellcome II p. 338; Cushing C211. A forerunner to his 1733 English Malady, this was even more popular, going into 10 editions by 1787. Suffering from both depression and obesity, Cheyne spent decades both working out dietary self-cures and (quite successfully) peddling them to the fashionable set. Much of his advice, couched of course in 18th century medical terms, is actually by 21st century standards quite reasonable, This then probably counts as the first bestselling diet book in English.
Freeman 1979 p. 64, cited as one of the 100 classic works on aging. Blake p. 86; Heirs of Hippocrates 761; Osler 2303 (2nd edition); Wellcome II p. 338; Cushing C211. A forerunner to his 1733 English Malady, this was even more popular, going into 10 editions by mid-century. Suffering from both depression and obesity, Cheyne spent decades both working out dietary self-cures and (quite successfully) peddling them to the fashionable set. Much of his advice, couched of course in 18th century medical terms, is actually by 21st century standards quite reasonable, This then probably counts as the first bestselling diet book in English.
Freeman 1979 p. 64, cited as one of the 100 classic works on aging. Blake p. 86; Heirs of Hippocrates 761; Osler 2303 (2nd edition); Wellcome II p. 338; Cushing C211.
Norman Catalog 475; GM 4921; Waller 1954; Blake p. 87; McHenry Garrison's History of Neurology, pp. 130 & 131; Gilman Seeing the Insane p. 153; Heirs of Hippocrates 1641 (1795 German translation); not in Wellcome, Osler, or Cushing; 3 copies located in North America: NLM, Yale, and Bancroft. Probably the rarest important modern psychiatric book—and offered here in as nice a copy as one could wish to find. In the introduction to the catalog of his extraordinary collection of the history of medicine & science, Haskell Norman wrote, "Chiarugi's book is so rare that I have heard of only two other sets changing hands in almost forty years. Legend has it that most copies were lost in a flood of the river Arno."
- Chiarugi was medical director of the Bonifacio Asylum at Florence from 1788, where he abolished all severe forms of restraint, antedating by a number of years Pinel's reforms at the Bicêtre. The Dalla pazzia — his best known work — was one of the first attempts at a systematic classification of the psychoses and also gave the first extensive description of his methods of humane treatment (which were first briefly described in the section he added to the 1789 Regolamento dei Regi Spedali di Santa Maria Nuova e di Bonifazio.
- "Chiarugi's reformed system of treatment of the mentally ill was given full expression in his Della pazzia, in which he classified insanity into melancholia, mania and dementia, and gave a system of diagnosis and treatment for each. The work also presents Chiarugi's observations on hundreds of cases (many of them supported by autopsies)… Chiarugi's work has traditionally been regarded as one of the greatest rarities in the history of psychiatry" [Norman Catalog].
- "Vincenzo Chiarugi's Medical Treatise of Insanity, with one hundred observations (1793-1794) contains two plates depicting the insane. One is a study of brain structure; the other, a representation of two methods of restraint. This illustration is of particular historical significance because it is the first to show the 'English camisole' or straightjacket (Figure 4 [of the first folding plate]). Figure 1 depicts the maniac's bed with details of how its restraints operated. … [T]he major difference between Picart's [1735 engraving] and Chiarugi's images is the total absence of violence in the later illustration and thus a heightened sense of passive acceptance of treatment or restraint. The restraints portrayed by Chiarugi were intended to control the most violent patients, yet the image of the insane as a wild beast is not present. … By the end of the century [the view of madmen as completely out of control] was being modified to conform to the perception of the etiology of insanity as what Chiarugi called 'an impairment of the physical structure of the sensorium commune' [Gilman p. 153].
- "The earliest illustrations of the pathological lesions in the brain are shown in the works of Chiarugi (1794). Although the specimen of the brain shown cannot be clearly defined, the cortical gray ribbon and white matter can be seen along with what is probably the temporal horn of the lateral ventricular. A large mass, probably a neoplasm, is attached to the specimen" [McHenry p. 131, illustrating figure 4 from the second folding plate].
Evans 30226. With his usual vitriolic style Cobbett here srongly defends President Washington's foreign policy. Supported by the Francophiles in Washington's administration, Adet had publicly attacked the treaty with England, understandably, since it would make England rather than France the United State's principal ally.
Rieber Catalog #111. Condillac's anonymously published first book, which established Lockean empiricism in France and which contained his discussion of the role of language in transforming sensation into reflection and thinking. Contains as well the seeds for all of the subsequent themes and ideas developed during his lifetime.
GM 4968; Heirs of Hippocrates 935; DSB 3: 381; Edwards, Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2: 180-182; Diamond 16.6; Wozniak Mind and Body, p. 33; Rieber catalog #114.
- A classic contribution to psychology and a high spot of French Enlightenment philosophy. Stimulated both by Diderot's 1749 book on the blind and by the French translations of Locke and Newton that he had read, Condillac attempted to refute Berkeley's idealism by founding human mental phenomena entirely on sensation, as illustrated by his famous fiction of a statue endowed at first with only the sense of smell. Though Condillac's attempt was not entirely successful (as Wozniak points out, "Condillac's extreme sensationalism runs afoul of the obvious fact of variation … in biological constitution"), nevertheless he influenced just about every 18th century author who wrote on philosophical psychology after the publication of his treatise .
- A clear and highly influential consequence of Condillac's analysis was its conclusion that psychology had perforce to be nominalistic. As Brett wrote, "Condillac thinks that Locke did not really get away from the obsession of innate ideas; he is himself more thorough and tells us that all general ideas are merely ways of regarding special or particular ideas. When we consider similarities we move toward general ideas: if we consider differences we make species; as both are operations of the mind there is no need to assume that the general ideas point to any distinct class of objects, the real universals for example. Psychology, within its own limits, must side with the nominalists" [Brett's History of Psychology, abridged edition, p. 470].
Historical and analytic study of materialism written in the form of a letter to Guillaume François Berthier (1704-1782), French critic who attempted to refute the Social Compact. Contains references to Descartes, Voltaire, men as machines, etc. Sometimes falsely attributed to Diderot.
Trained as a Jesuit, the abbé Coyer left the order in 1736. He is best known for his writings on economics.
The principal work by the most systematic metaphysician among the Cambridge Platonists. Cudworth attempts to refute whate he took to be the two principal forms of atheism: materialism (especially Hobbes') and hylozoism. Cudworth's epistemological dualism of activity and passivity (as opposed to Descartes' of consciousness and extension) was very influential right up to Darwin.Section 2: Books Printed Before 1800 (D-J)
Section 3: Books Printed Before 1800 (K-N)
Section 4: Books Printed Before 1800 (O-S)
Section 5: Books Printed Before 1800 (T-Z)
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