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Heirs of Hippocrates 1198. "A pupil of John Hunter, Abernethy became a leading surgeon in London. He was most industrious, and it is said that not even on his wedding day did he fail to give his usual daily lecture at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. In his 1809 book on surgery he reported the first successful ligation of the external iliac artery for aneurysm, an operation carried out by Abernethy in 1796" [GM 5584]. "Abernethy became a surgical apprentice at St. Bartholomew's Hospital at an early age and also studied anatomy and was prosector at the London Hospital. . . . Abernethy had attended many of John Hunter's lectures and had a very high opinion of Hunter's scientific and medical ideas" [Heirs 1196, a different Abernethy book].
GM 4984; Heirs of Hippocrates 2280.
Adler's second book to appear in English, this marks the beginning of his cultural-psychiatric concerns (see chapters 7 & 8 in Stepansky's 1983 In Freud's Shadow for a full discussion) and introduced the concept of the inferiority complex.
Heirs of Hippocrates 1582 [this edition]. Cordasco 30-0022. An important period treatise. Andral published the first monograph on haemotology [GM 3060] and made a number of notable contributions to neurology. "In 1828 he became professor of hygiene [at the Paris Faculty of Medicine] and in 1839 succeeded Broussais as chair of general pathology and therapeutics, a position he held with great success for the next twenty-seven years. Only a year after assuming the professorship of hygiene, Andral published this comprehensive treatise on pathological anatomy" [Heirs 1581]. "Andral asked an Irish physician, Richard Townsend (fl. 1795), to translate the present work soon after its publication and the project was begun immediately. However, before the translation could be completed, Townsend 'was obliged to go to the continent' (p. [v]) and he asked a colleague, William West (d. 1837), to complete the task. West did so and published both volumes at Dublin, the first in 1829 and the second in 1831" [Heirs 1582].
GM 1248 (1st German edition).
One of the great 20th century works in neuroscience, this is a much enlarged version of Kappers' encyclopedic Die vergleichende Anatomie des Nervensystems der Wirbeltiere und des Menschen. (Haarlem: Bohm, 1920, 1921 2 volumes).
GM-5 6389. The first important one-volume history of medicine and the standard history until superseded by Garrison.
Norman Catalog 108; Cushing B37; Heirs of Hippocrates [all the 1st edition]. The first systematic textbook of pathology, "treating the subject for the first time as an independent science" [GM-5 2280]. In the 1793 first edition Baillie clearly and comprehensively described the pulmonary lesions of tuberculosis, differentiating the nodular and infiltrating types [GM 3218] and gave the first clear description of the morbid anatomy and symptoms of gastric ulcer [GM 3427]; in the 1797 second edition "Baillie suggested a relationship between rheumatic fever and valvular heart disease" [GM 2736] and gave the first clinical description of chronic obstructive pulmonary emphysema (alleged to be based on Samuel Johnson's autopsy) [GM 3167.1].
GM 4904.1: "Olivecrona first successfully removed an intracranial aneurysm in 1932." The leading Swedish neurosurgeon, Olivecrona was director of the Neurosurgical Clinic in Stockholm."In a monograph of 1936 [this book], four additional excisions were reported" [Walker's History of Neurological Surgery, p. 267].
Cordasco 50-0159. "Bigelow was elected professor of surgery at Harvard in 1849 and this was his first opportunity to deliver an introductory address to the opening session of a new course of lectures. He commented that 'it is my intention, with your permission, to briefly review our subject in connection with science, and with the community' (p. [3]). Bigelow goes on to discuss the broad principles of surgery, the importance of clinical instruction, operative surgery, malpractice, and quackery" [Heirs of Hippocrates #1860].
GM 5899. A valuable, bibliographically oriented history, published—alas!—without an index. Billings was the first director of the Army Medical Museum and Library, which became the National Library of Medicine. He was probably the first American to take medical bibliography seriously.
GM-5 5608; Heirs of Hippocrates 1952 (both the 1863 first edition). An important and long-lived textbook of surgery and medical therapeutics—Billroth was one of the first to introduce antisepsis in Europe. "From 1867 he was Director of Surgical Clinic and Prof. of Surgery in Vienna and attained great fame. Wrote important books on surgical pathology and in bacteriology, but was unfortunate in his interpretation in regard to surgical infections of bacterial origin" [Bulloch, A History of Bacteriology, p. 353].
GM 4957; Norman Catalog 245.
Next to the 8th edition of Kraepelin's great Lehrbuch, Bleuler's is the most important modern psychiatric text. Besides renaming Kraepelin's' "Dementia Praecox" with the unfortunate term now universally in use, Bleuler reconceptualized the syndrome, classifying "the disorder into hebephrenic, catatonic, and paranoid; differentiated the primary disturbances, essentially loose associations, from the secondary disturbances such as autism and hallucinations; … focused on the content of the syndrome, such as displacement and condensation; and presented a much more optimistic view of its outcome than " Kraepelin's [George Mora, "Historical and Theoretical Trends in Psychiatry," p. 77 in Kaplan et al. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 2nd edition, Vol. I.
Norman Catalog #249; Heirs of Hippocrates 2197.
One of the great psychiatric textbooks, the popularity of which is evidenced by its many later editions (a 15th edition appeared in 1983). Together, Kraepelin's and Bleuler's Lehrbücher defined the cognitive horizons for twentieth century psychiatry.
Heirs #1114 (1795 American edition); Wellcome II, p. 183. Blumenach's important textbook of physiology. "Physician, physiologist, historian, and bibliographer, Blumenbach is generally regarded as the founder of scientific anthropology. His classification of the sub-divisions of the human race, which forms the latter part of this work, was the first to utilize facial configuration as well as skin color, and the system has survived to the present with but little modification" [Heirs of Hippocrates #1113 (original Latin edition)]. Elliotson also translated and annotated the 3rd Latin edition in 1817.
An important book in the history of oncology. "'With this book the microscopical epoch in the evolution of the knowledge of cancer may be said to have been brought to a close' (Haagensen)" [GM 2625].
GM-5 #4565; Courville 285; Haymaker & Schiller Founders, p. 415; McHenry p. 319; Heirs to Hippocrates 2102 (1886 revised edition). With two exceptions taken from Charcot, the chromolithographs were all drawn by Bramwell himself, first with camera lucida, then in chalk."Bramwell graduated in medicine from Edinburgh in 1869 and entered private practice with his father. In 1872 he began teaching medical jurisprudence at Durham University and in 1874 became physician and pathologist in Newcastle-on-Tyne. In 1880 he returned to Scotland to teach on the faculty at Edinburgh, subsequently being appointed pathologist and physician to the Royal Infirmary. Bramwell was an expert diagnostician and a clinical teacher of great skill whose classes were large and well attended. Bramwell was interested in diseases of the nervous system and his Intracranial Tumours (Edinburgh 1888) became a standard work in the field during the late nineteenth century. The present work became a textbook of great repute and was widely used during his day" [Heirs].
Cited in McHenry's list of Classical, Original, and Standard Works in Neurology (p.478); Heirs of Hippocrates 1217; Semelaigne I, p. 140; DSB II:507-509. Very much a psychological book, written after Broussais had become a champion of Gall's phrenological ideas. Divided into two parts, the first devoted to irritation considered with respect to health & disease; the second to an application of Broussais' "physiological doctrine" to madness. The first part (pages 1-329) is almost entirely devoted to a discussion of the sympathetic nervous system as it relates to instinct and the intellectual faculties. Published in an English translation with notes by Thomas Cooper in Columbia, South Carolina in 1831.The extension of Broussais's gastro-intestinal theory of disease to insanity, an expanded second edition of which appeared in 1839. His theory that all disease depended on irritation of local organs, a modified form of Brunonism, was very influential in its time. This is the major extension of his ideas to psychiatry.
Zilboorg (1942) p. 529; GM #4109.
Along with Bayle, Calmeil established general paresis as the first separately identified neuropsychiatric disease entity (which Calmeil named general paralysis of the insane in this book).
GM (3rd edition) #5000. An important early psychotherapy text. "According to Dejerine's preface, this work by his pupils Camus and Pagniez was the first general treatise on his method of treating psychoneuroses, a method based on isolation and psychotherapy" [Norman Catalog 394 (this copy)].
GM 2222 (citing the French edition of 1867). Freeman 1979 p. 64. The translation issued by the Sydenham Society in London was by William Tuke.
The foundation text for geriatrics, which dominated the study of the aged for decades.
Freeman 1979 p. 64, cited as one of the 100 classic works on aging. A second edition appeared in 1725; Blake p. 86; Heirs of Hippocrates 761; Osler 2303 (2nd edition); Wellcome II p. 338; Cushing C211. A forerunner to his 1733 English Malady, this was even more popular, going into 10 editions by 1787. Suffering from both depression and obesity, Cheyne spent decades both working out dietary self-cures and (quite successfully) peddling them to the fashionable set. Much of his advice, couched of course in 18th century medical terms, is actually by 21st century standards quite reasonable, This then probably counts as the first bestselling diet book in English.
Freeman 1979 p. 64, cited as one of the 100 classic works on aging. Blake p. 86; Heirs of Hippocrates 761; Osler 2303 (2nd edition); Wellcome II p. 338; Cushing C211. A forerunner to his 1733 English Malady, this was even more popular, going into 10 editions by mid-century. Suffering from both depression and obesity, Cheyne spent decades both working out dietary self-cures and (quite successfully) peddling them to the fashionable set. Much of his advice, couched of course in 18th century medical terms, is actually by 21st century standards quite reasonable, This then probably counts as the first bestselling diet book in English.
Norman Catalog 475; GM 4921; Waller 1954; Blake p. 87; McHenry Garrison's History of Neurology, pp. 130 & 131; Gilman Seeing the Insane p. 153; Heirs of Hippocrates 1641 (1795 German translation); not in Wellcome, Osler, or Cushing; 3 copies located in North America: NLM, Yale, and Bancroft. Probably the rarest important modern psychiatric book—and offered here in as nice a copy as one could wish to find. In the introduction to the catalog of his extraordinary collection of the history of medicine & science, Haskell Norman wrote, "Chiarugi's book is so rare that I have heard of only two other sets changing hands in almost forty years. Legend has it that most copies were lost in a flood of the river Arno."
- Chiarugi was medical director of the Bonifacio Asylum at Florence from 1788, where he abolished all severe forms of restraint, antedating by a number of years Pinel's reforms at the Bicêtre. The Dalla pazzia — his best known work — was one of the first attempts at a systematic classification of the psychoses and also gave the first extensive description of his methods of humane treatment (which were first briefly described in the section he added to the 1789 Regolamento dei Regi Spedali di Santa Maria Nuova e di Bonifazio.
- "Chiarugi's reformed system of treatment of the mentally ill was given full expression in his Della pazzia, in which he classified insanity into melancholia, mania and dementia, and gave a system of diagnosis and treatment for each. The work also presents Chiarugi's observations on hundreds of cases (many of them supported by autopsies)… Chiarugi's work has traditionally been regarded as one of the greatest rarities in the history of psychiatry" [Norman Catalog].
- "Vincenzo Chiarugi's Medical Treatise of Insanity, with one hundred observations (1793-1794) contains two plates depicting the insane. One is a study of brain structure; the other, a representation of two methods of restraint. This illustration is of particular historical significance because it is the first to show the 'English camisole' or straightjacket (Figure 4 [of the first folding plate]). Figure 1 depicts the maniac's bed with details of how its restraints operated. … [T]he major difference between Picart's [1735 engraving] and Chiarugi's images is the total absence of violence in the later illustration and thus a heightened sense of passive acceptance of treatment or restraint. The restraints portrayed by Chiarugi were intended to control the most violent patients, yet the image of the insane as a wild beast is not present. … By the end of the century [the view of madmen as completely out of control] was being modified to conform to the perception of the etiology of insanity as what Chiarugi called 'an impairment of the physical structure of the sensorium commune' [Gilman p. 153].
- "The earliest illustrations of the pathological lesions in the brain are shown in the works of Chiarugi (1794). Although the specimen of the brain shown cannot be clearly defined, the cortical gray ribbon and white matter can be seen along with what is probably the temporal horn of the lateral ventricular. A large mass, probably a neoplasm, is attached to the specimen" [McHenry p. 131, illustrating figure 4 from the second folding plate].
GM 4968; Heirs of Hippocrates 935; DSB 3: 381; Edwards, Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2: 180-182; Diamond 16.6; Wozniak Mind and Body, p. 33; Rieber catalog #114.
- A classic contribution to psychology and a high spot of French Enlightenment philosophy. Stimulated both by Diderot's 1749 book on the blind and by the French translations of Locke and Newton that he had read, Condillac attempted to refute Berkeley's idealism by founding human mental phenomena entirely on sensation, as illustrated by his famous fiction of a statue endowed at first with only the sense of smell. Though Condillac's attempt was not entirely successful (as Wozniak points out, "Condillac's extreme sensationalism runs afoul of the obvious fact of variation … in biological constitution"), nevertheless he influenced just about every 18th century author who wrote on philosophical psychology after the publication of his treatise .
- A clear and highly influential consequence of Condillac's analysis was its conclusion that psychology had perforce to be nominalistic. As Brett wrote, "Condillac thinks that Locke did not really get away from the obsession of innate ideas; he is himself more thorough and tells us that all general ideas are merely ways of regarding special or particular ideas. When we consider similarities we move toward general ideas: if we consider differences we make species; as both are operations of the mind there is no need to assume that the general ideas point to any distinct class of objects, the real universals for example. Psychology, within its own limits, must side with the nominalists" [Brett's History of Psychology, abridged edition, p. 470].
Norman Catalog 503; Heirs of Hippocrates 1511; Wellcome II, p. 382; Hunter & Macalpine, pp. 805-809.Conolly's first book (other than his doctoral dissertation of 1821). Published twenty-six years before his epochal book on non-restraint and nine years before his official psychiatric career began with his appointment as superintendent of the Middlesex County Lunatic Asylum at Hanwell, this is the first attempt to link normal and abnormal states of mind, the first book (possibly excepting Batty) to suggest that asylums become clinical schools to familiarize physicians with mental disorders, the first proposal for a mental health service based on local mental hospitals. Leigh noted in his Historical Development of British Psychiatry that "as the second part of the title shows, even at this time Conolly's mind was preoccupied with the ideas which, years later, were to make him famous" (p. 231).
Cushing D58, GM 105, Osler 2413, Waller 10790, Wellcome II p. 433; Heirs of Hippocrates 999 (1803 2nd American edition)."In the present work . . . Darwin stressed the concept of the gradual evolution of complex organisms and discussed the competition for existence, the idea of sexual selection, and the influence of environment. He thus anticipated by some sixty-five years the work of his renowned grandson" Heirs #999. "The express aim of Darwin's Zoonomia was to unravel the theory of diseases. For this purpose he thought it was necessary to examine the structural and physiological principles governing the organization of the animal system. He adopted the framework of Albrecht von Haller's physiological theory, through which he wove a sensationalist psychology" [Richards, Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior, p. 31]. In the long chapter on instinct Darwin argued that instincts were acquired rather than pre-existent.
From 1884 Eichhorst was Professor Ordinarius for Internal Medicine in Zurich, best known for his Handbuch der speziellen Pathologie und Therapie. See GM 3125.3 for Eicchorst's 1878 monograph on pernicious anemia.
Heirs of Hippocrates 2037 (German edition): Erb "pioneered in the use of electricity in the diagnosis and treatment of nevous disorders. This work on electrotherapy contains first descriptions of several nervous disorders and was writen while Erb was professor of neurology at the University of Heidelberg." Professor of Neurology at Heidelberg, Erb pioneered the use of electrotherapy and gave the original descriptions of a number of nervous disorders, especially the muscular dystrophies.
Norman Catalog #725 & #726; GM 4929; Heirs of Hippocrates 1268.
GM 4929. The first modern textbook of psychiatry and the model for all later psychiatric texts. Esquirol emphasized the importance of observation and good record-keeping; deprecated superstition and speculation; distinguished hallucinations from illusions, associating only the former with mental illness; and emphasized the role of environmental and age factors as precipitants of mental disease. Pinel's successor at Salpêtriere, Esquirol was among the first to insist that the criminally insane should be treated as suffering from a disease.
Meynell The Two Sydenham Societies, p. 31; Norman Catalog 793; GM 4929.1 (1st German edition); Hunter & Macalpine, p. 952; Sadoff Catalog p. 37. The first book published in Austria dealing with medical psychology and psychopathology, which "introduced the terms psychosis, psychiatrics, and psychopathology." [GM].A key book in the history of psychiatry "which not only introduced into psychiatry a new standard and a new methodology, but also a number of terms which came to stay" [Hunter & Macalpine p. 952]. The terms 'psychosis', 'psychopathology' and 'psychiatric practitioner' [ie, 'psychiatrist'] all were given their modern meanings in Feuchtersleben's book and subsequently diffused through the psychiatric literature. The "founder of psychosomatic medicine as a systematic discipline … (Feuchtersleben) gave articulate expression to the principle that man is a psychophysical totality". (Roback. (1961), p. 282). Straddling the split in psychiatry between physiology and psychology, Feuchtersleben both championed the use of psychotherapy with the mentally diseased (a method he called "second education") and insisted that psychosis always entailed disturbed physical function.
GM 631. The first great physiology textbook in English.
With Foster, British physiology experienced a veritable rebirth. He created the first physiological laboratory in the British Isles and was instrumental in founding the Physiological Society of London in 1876, and in 1878 the Journal of Physiology, the first English journal exclusively devoted to physiology. Among his notable students were John N. Langley, Walter H. Gaskell, Henry Newell-Martin, and Charles Sherrington. His 1877 Text-Book of Physiology was the first authoritative work in the field written in English. [Adapted from Rothschuh's History of Physiology, pp. 306-7].
GM 4260; Grinstein #10629; Norman Freud Catalog 67; Norman Catalog Norman Freud Catalog F91. The first part (dealing with slips of the tongue) of Freud's famous introductory lectures, delivered at the University of Vienna. Part two appeared later in 1916 and part three in 1917, with the parts then being bound together and issued in book form.
GM 4260; Grinstein #10629; Norman Freud Catalog 67; Norman Catalog F91.
First printings of all three parts of Freud's introductory lectures, originally delivered to a mixed audience of physicians and lay people at the University of Vienna during the Winter semesters of 1915/16 and 1916/17. Written in Freud's typical vigorous German prose, this became the first of Freud's books to sell widely to the general public, selling tens of thousands of copies. It also became the first of Freud's books to sell widely in the United States and is undoubtedly the book that introduced Freud to nonmedical intellectuals in the 1920s. How it did so is a story worth telling. Freud's immigrant American nephew Edward L. Bernays (the founder of public relations) hired a Columbia graduate student to translate the lectures, paid G. Stanley Hall to write a brief preface, convinced Horace Liveright to publish the book in 1920, and then showed him how to market it. So far as I can determine, this was the first book of intellectual substance ever marketed in the modern sense. Bernays' strategy worked. The book went into dozens of printings in the 1920s, with Freud getting the entire 15% royalty in American dollars, which after his savings and insurance were wiped out in the post-war hyperinflation helped keep him solvent (along with his American analysands also paying in US dollars).
"A detailed study of the physiology of skeletal muscle. A valuable historical introduction will be found on pp. 3-55, and the book includes an extensive bibliography" [GM 663].
GM-5 1389; Norman Catalog 862; Heirs of Hippocrates 1159; Wellcome III, p. 84; Brazier Neurophysiology in the 19th Century, pp. 114-117; Clarke & O'Malley Human Brain and Spinal Cord, pp. 392-395, 476-480, 598-602, 825-827; McHenry pp. 146-149; Wozniak Wozniak Mind & Body: Renè Descartes to William James, pp. 15-16 & #12. After Gall and Spurzheim broke up their collaboration in 1813, Gall completed the last two volumes on his own. The text volumes were reset in quarto format and reissued with the atlas, which is how the set is more commonly found. A second edition, revised by Gall, appeared 1822-1825 without the plates but with replies by Gall to his critics, an English edition of which was published in Boston in 1835.
- "Gall and his pupil Spurzheim introduced the theory of localization of cerebral function and made the first attempt to map the cerebral cortex. Gall and Spurzheim's names are usually associated with the pseudoscience of phrenology, which grew out of his attempts to establish the existence of separate loci in the brain for each of its intellectual and emotional functions; his finding, although wrong, contain the seeds not only of the modern theory of cerebral localization of funciton but of comparative psychology and personality theory as well. Gall also revolutionized brain dissection techniques by gently separating the structures with a blunt instrument instead of slicing them with a sharp knife — a method that allowed him to make anatomical observations of fundamental importance" [Norman Catalog].
- "Gall and Spurzheim established the fact that the white matter of the brain consists of nerver fibers and that the gray matter of the cerebral cortex represents the organs of mental activity. They were the first to demonstrate that the trigeminal nerve was not merely attached to the pons, but that it sent its root fibers as far down as the inferior olive in the medulla. In addition, they confirmed once and forever the medullary decussation of the pyramids" [McHenry, Garrison's History of Neurology p. 146].
- "The essence of Gall's method of localization lay in correlating variations in character with variations in external craniological signs. … Gall's assumptions may have been flawed and his followers may have taken his ideas to dogmatic extremes; but there was nothing wrong with his scientific logic or with the rigorous empiricism of his attempt to correlate observable talents with what he believed to be observable indices of the brain. Indeed, it was Gall who lay the foundation for the biologically based, functional psychology that was soon to follow. In postulating a set of innate, mental traits inherited through the form of the cerebral organ, he moved away from the extreme tabula rasa view of sensationalists such as Condillac. For the normative and exclusively intellectual faculties of the sensationalists, Gall attempted to substitute faculties defined in terms of everyday activities of daily life that were adaptive in the surrounding environment and that varied among individuals and between species. For speculation concerning both the classification of functions and appropriate anatomical units, he substituted objective observation" [Wozniak, pp. 15-16].
GM 230; Norman catalog 866.
Contains Galton's chief contributions to psychology. Strongly influenced by his cousin's Origin of Species, Galton began reflecting on the influence of heredity on the human race. Impressed by the fact that distinction of any kind is apt to run in families, he made a series of statistical investigations whereby he showed the heritability of genius of all kinds. The results are set forth in several books, including Inquiries into Human Faculty. The study of heredity led Galton to the conviction that the human race might gain an indefinite improvement by breeding from the best & restricting the offspring of the worst. To this study he gave the name Eugenics.
GM 233. A continuation of Galton's classic anthropometric studies begun with the publication of Hereditary Genius."By the employment of statistical methods Galton propounded a 'law of filial regression.' This book represents the first statistical study of biological variation and inheritance" [GM].
"This book sums up the life work of Gaskell, who laid the histological foundation of the modern study of the autonomic nervous system" [GM 1331].
GM 6580.
GM 469; Waller 3662; Norman 921 [all three citing the first edition]; Heirs of Hippocrates 2078 (2nd US edition); Spillane Doctrine of the Nerves, pp. 403-439."His greatest work" [GM] and "the most ambitious treatise on neurology that had so far been attempted in any language" [McHenry, p. 315]. Contains classic descriptions of locomotor ataxia, spinal muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, diffuse sclerosis, etc.
GM 4930 & Norman Catalog 948 (both the 1845 1st German edition); Heirs of Hippocrates 1838 (1865 French edition). The English translation exerted enormous influence over mid- and late 19th century psychiatry, moving it from its prior basis in Romantic German philosophy to neuropsychiatry. The 1845 German edition probably counts as the first real neuropsychiatric book, and certainly the first important one.Written when the author was 28 and the standard mid-century German psychiatric text, Griesinger's book tended to reduce psychological disorders to organic pathology (though not exclusively, Griesinger regarded suicide, for example, as a psychological malady). Widely influential, it established psychiatry as a material-monist department of the newly emerging scientific medicine. Griesinger distinguished three forms of mental disorders: depression, exaltation, and mental weakness; all of which he deemed organic conditions, though without excluding moral treatment in their management.
GM 4930 & Norman Catalog 948 (both the 1845 1st German edition); Heirs of Hippocrates 1838 (1865 French edition).
GM 4930 & Norman Catalog 948 (both the 1st edition); Heirs to Hippocrates (only the 1865 1st French edition). The second edition, much enlarged from the first, was translated into English in 1867.The standard mid-century German psychiatric text, Griesinger's book tended to reduce psychological disorders to organic pathology (though not exclusively, Griesinger regarded suicide, for example, as a psychological malady). Widely influential, it established psychiatry as a material-monist branch of the newly emerging scientific medicine. Griesinger distinguished three forms of mental disorders: depression, exaltation, and mental weakness; all of which he deemed organic conditions, though without excluding moral treatment in their management. For an extensive discussion of Griesinger's importance for the history of psychiatry see my "Biological Psychiatry in the Nineteenth & Twentieth Centuries" in Wallace & Gach's History of Psychiatry & Medical Psychology (Springer, 2008), esp. pages 382-385.
GM 6383. The first important German history of medicine.
Blake p. 202; Wellcome III, p. 232; Heirs to Hippocrates #709. Pages 373-396 contain Jean Astruc's (1684-1766) "Memoire sur la cause de la digestion des alimens.""Hecquet, a native of Abbeville in Picardy, graduated in medicine at Reims in 1684. He was physician at Port Royal for a number of years and moved to Paris in 1684. . . . He taught at Paris for a number of years and was made physician to the Charité in 1710. Hecquet was a member of the Iatrophysical School . . . and was an ardent defender of the mechanical theory of digestion, which he expounds upon in the present work. The treatise became quite popular so Hecquet expanded it in 1730 and another editon appeared in 1747, after his death" [Heirs 709].
Blake p. 202; Wellcome III, p. 232; Heirs to Hippocrates #709 (1st edition). Vastly enlarged from the first edition.
GM-5 1513; Cushing H231; Waller 4299; Heirs of Hippocrates 1887; Wozniak Body & Mind #41 & pp. 42-43 [all the 1st German]. Translation of the 1909-11 3rd revised edition.
- "Because Helmholtz's name is linked so closely with physics and electrophysiology, it is sometimes forgotten that he was a physician who held posts at a number of prominent medical schools. It was during his tenure at Heidelberg that this monumental treatise on optics was written. Originally issued in parts between 1856 and 1866, the work provided the first real descriptoin of optical physiology including the mechanism of accomodation, the phenomenon of color vision, and the measurement of lens curvature" [Heirs].
- This and Helmholtz's 1863 Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen "defined the problematic for the experimental psychology of visual and auditory perception for decades to follow. In the Optik Helmholtz extended Müller's doctrine of the specific energies of nerves to offer a comprehensive theory of color vision and a famous unconscious inference theory of perception. In the theory of color vision, Helmholtz reasoned that just as the differences between sensations of sound and light reflect the specific qualities of auditory and visual nerves, sensations of color may depend on different kinds of nerves within the visual system. Since the laws of color mixture suggest that virtually all hues can be obtained by various combinations of three primary colors, it seemed to Helmholtz that the perceived hue, brightness, and saturation of color must be derived from varying activity in three primary kinds of nerve fibers in the eye.
- In his theory of perception, Helmholtz started from the recognition that Müller's doctrine of specific nerve energies implied the fact that sensations do not provide direct access to objects and events but only serve the mind as signs of reality. Perception, on this view, requires an active, unconscious, automatic, logical process on the part of the perceiver which utilizes the information provided by sensation to infer the properties of external objects and events. In this regard, Helmholtz anticipated much of later top-down cognitive psychology" [Wozniak pp. 42-43].
GM 417 (entire set); Heirs to Hippocrates 1735 (this volume) and 1734 (entire set). The individual volumes of Henle's Handbuch were published over a sixteen year span, with the Knochenlehre appearing first in 1855 and the Nervenlehre last in 1871. This 3rd edition, issued to coincide with the publication of the final volume in the set, reprints the text of the revised second edition. Henle'sHandbuch "is considered by many authorities to be the greatest modern system of anatomy." [GM 417]."Civil unrest, caused by widespread unrest throughout the German Confederation in the late 1840s, led Henle to transfer to the University of Göttingen in 1852. When Müller died ten years later, Henle declined the University of Berlin's professorhip. Even though it was the most prestigious anatomical chair in the world, Henle preferred to work in the quiet atmosphere of Göttingen. It was there that he wrote the present work [i.e., the entire Handbuch] over a period of sixteen years. Comprehensive and detailed, the [Handbuch] contained all of what was then known about the structure of the human body and it was illustrated with many excellent drawings made by Henle. The book retained its value as a textbook until the functional approach to anatomy gained dominance. Even today, the work is still valuable for the study of gross human anatomy and its occasional anomalies" [Heirs].
GM-5 6609.
BAL #8803, first binding, Binding A with leaf 17-12 present, issue with no ads (no priority); Currier & Tilton Holmes Bibliography, pp. 97-99. The first collection of Holmes's writings, of which the 2,200 copies printed sold slowly. Contains the title address; two lectures on homoeopathy; "Puerperal Fever, as a Private Pestilence"; "The Position and Prospects of the Medical Student"; "Mechanism of Vital Actions"; and his valedictory address given at Harvard in 1858. First appearance of "Some More Recent Views on Homoeopathy" and "Mechanisms of Vital Action." The previously published "Puerperal Fever …" established its contagiousness [GM 6274]. All but two of the essays had previously appeared as pamphlets.
One of the most prominent 19th century British surgeons, Hutchinson made significant contributions to many areas including neurology (see his numerous GM entries) and was appointed professor at the Royal College of Surgery in 1879, later becoming its president. See Talbot's A Biographical History of Medicine, pp. 697-700.
Norman Catalog 1144; GM 4969.1; Diamond 17.5; Lane, pp. 99-185 and 257-286. In this first report Itard was optimistic about the feral child's prospects for language acquisition and socialization. In his 1807 second report his conclusions were much more pessimistic, as even after a number of years of intensive education the boy had been unable to learn to speak.Student of Pinel and one of the first otologists, Itard took charge of the wild boy of Averyon in an attempt to teach him language and social mores. "Itard's methods, described in his reports of 1801 and 1807, were based upon the philosopher Condillac's analytical approach to the acquisition of knowledge, which had been used with success in the teaching of deaf-mutes. However, in adapting this approach to the needs of his extraordinary pupil, Itard created an entirely new system of pedagogy" [Norman]. "It was Itard who first broke with traditional subject-matter instruction and implemented the education of the individual child through interaction with a carefully-prepared environment. It was Itard who first called for a scientific pedagogy based on philosophy and medicine, employing the technique of observation … It was Itard who spent long hours watching for the spontaneous expressions of his pupil in nature as in society, and he who, following the precepts of mental medicine, tailored the child's environment to accomodate and shape his needs. And it was Itard who took Condillac's model of the development of the intellect and first created a program of sensory education" [Lane When the Mind Hears, p. 283, quoted in the Norman Catalog]. "Itard's pedagogical methods were adopted by his student Edouard Séguin who applied them successfully to educating the mentally retarded, and by Maria Montessori, who applied them to childhood education in general" [Norman].
Heirs of Hippocrates 1437; Osler 3067; Wellcome III, p. 337.
"A native of Philadelphia, Jackson studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and was active in the family pharmaceutical business until 1815. After taking a major role in the yellow fever epidemic of 1820, he left private practice in 1821 to join the Pennsylvania facuty as professor of materia medica. In 1835 he was elected to the chair of the practice and institutes of medicine and retained the chair until his resignation in 1863. Jackson was an active medical writer and the present work is his chief medical treatise and the first of its kind to be published in the United States. A comprehensive book intended for studnts and physicians new to the practice of medicine, Jackson placed strong emphasis on physiology . . . " [Heirs #1437].
GM 4212; Bulloch's History of Bacteriology, p. 376. First four Lieferungen complete, without the 1876 5. Lieferung, which is part II of Geschlechtsorgane. A 6. Lieferung by Schwartze on Gehör-Organ and 7. by Eppinger on Larynx Trachea were added respectively in 1878 and 1880. These were, however labeled in reverse Band II, 1. Abth, 1. Lief. (Eppinger) and Band II, 2. Abth., 1. Lief. (Schwartze)."German pathologist and pioneer in bacteriology. Born in Königsberg. Studied there under Rathke and Helmholtz, and in Würzburg under Kölliker and Virchow, following the latter to Berlin. . . . In 1895 he emigrated to America and settled in Rush Medical College, Chicago [returning to Europe in 1900]. . . . Klebs was a most prolific writer and worker. Published [an] important memoir on the pathology of gun-shot wounds 1872 and wrote on the bacteriology of enteric fever, rinderpest, vaccinia, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis. He also wrote but did not finish a large Hanbuch d. path. Anatomie. Klebs was one of the first in every advance in bacteriology but had the misfortune to miss almost every discovery that has turned out to be correct" [Bulloch's History of Bacteriology, p. 376]. The 1. Abt., 3. Lieferung of his Handbuch contains a classic description of glomerulonephritis ("Krebs' disease") on pp. 644-48 [GM 4212]. "With Pasteur, he was perhaps the most important precursor in the bacterial theory of infection; indeed, he did most to win the pathologists to his view" [Garrison's History of Medicine, pp. 580-81].
GM 2517, citing both the edition and third editions. The second of three editions of this essential early reference work on pathomicrobiology, much expanded from the first edition. Both editors were distinguished microbiologists—see the biographical synopses in Bulloch's History of Bacteriology. Wasserman (who was knighted in 1910, thus the "von") developed the important Wasserman reaction test for syphilis.
GM 487. The first book on comparative embryology, vastly expanded from the 1861 first edition. Kölliker also published the first textbook of histology in 1852.
GM #4967. PMM #164; Wozniak Mind & Body #27 (all the first edition); Yolton 64; Oxford Companion to Philosophy, p. 62 ("associationism"); Brett History of Psychology, 2: 262-263 and Diamond Roots of Psychology 12.3 (both the 4th edition). The penultimate lifetime edition, the last lifetime edition issued with the frontis portrait, and—other than the first—the most important edition, for it is in this edition that Locke added the chapter on the association of ideas (Book II Chapter XXXIII), as well as a chapter on enthusiasm. Locke's chapter title—though not his actual discussion of the subject—is the origin of associationism, as elaborated much later by Hartley, Hume, James Mill, and Bain and, mistaken interpretation or not, is consensually regarded as the Ursprung of experimental psychology as opposed to merely speculative philosophical psychology.The foundation text for empirical psychology and the beginning of British empiricism. One of the great books in the history of thought. Of this 4th edition Diamond wrote: "Locke, who was too reasonable a man to be even a thoroughgoing empiricist …, was not at all an associationist. Association had no part in the original Essay, but in the fourth edition he added a chapter pointing to the chance 'connexion of ideas' (probably his rendering of 'liaison des idées,' which he would have met in Malebranche) as a major source of error in thinking. The more fortunate phrase, association of ideas, occurs only in the chapter title and is perhaps derived from the word consociatione which Molyneux used in the Latin edition which was being prepared simultaneously and for which the chapter was indeed written. In time, however, this phrase became so rivetted to Locke's name that the later associationists came to look upon him as their founder" [Diamond p. 281].
GM #4967. PMM #164; Wozniak Mind & Body #27 (all the first edition); Yolton 65. The last lifetime edition.The foundation text for empirical psychology and the beginning of British empiricism. One of the great books in the history of thought.
GM 2nd ed. #4194; Norman Catalog 1391; Hunter & Macalpine p. 736; Zilboorg p. 302. The standard late 18th century description of melancholy."Lorry showed how one could make use of the mind's influence on the body in curing melancholias. He differentiated melancholia nervosa from melancholia humoralis, and described a type of melancholia 'complicated with mania, which is indicated by a partial delirium, attended by exaltation of the imagination, or an exciting passion' (Esquirol, des maladies mentales, quoted in Hunter and Macalpine)" [Norman Catalog]. Lorry is most famous for founding French dermatology, with his 1777 Tractatus e morbis cutaneis being both the first modern textbook on the subject and the last major dermatological work written in Latin.
"Lyell's summary discussion of the evidence for human antiquity 'introduced a wide readership to the new view and to the facts that supported it, thus laying the synthetic foundation for future work' (Grayson). This work also contained Lyell's first published statements about Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection" (GM 204.1).
Heirs of Hippocrates 1379; Norman Catalog 1416 (both the first edition). "The first modern physiology textbook in which doctrine gave way to simple, precise descriptios of experimental facts. Contains Magendie's classic demonstration of the importance of nitrogenous food, or protein, in the food supply of mammals" [GM 597.1 (1st edition cited)].
OCLC locates only 1 copy of the original 1826 French edition (at Leeds) and 6 of this edition: Yale, NLM, Michigan, Texas, McGill, and Wellcome. The third revised edition in English, with numerous additions and changes by the translator (the dermatological chapter, for instance, is completely rewritten). A notable English anatomist, Quain's 1828 Elements of Descriptive and Practical Anatomy is "[a]mong the most important English textbooks on anatomy" [GM 410].
GM 534.
BAL #14075 binding A; GM-5 4544; Norman Catalog 1520; Cushing M401; Heirs of Hippocrates 1956. One of the great classics of 19th century American clinical neurology and medicine.Along with Hammond's 1871 treatise, the foundation text for indigenous American neurology. Includes the first description of ascending neuritis and of the treatment of neuritis with cold and splint rests. Introduced the notions of "phantom limb" and causalgia, and was the first detailed study of traumatic neurosis.
BAL #14075 (variant binding); GM-5 4544; Norman Catalog 1520; Cushing M401; Heirs of Hippocrates 1956.
BAL 14102 Binding A; Norman Catalog 1524; Heirs of Hippocrates 1959; Cushing M403; Waller 6569 (2nd ed).Mitchell's first extensive treatise on neuropsychiatry, in which he expounds in detail the theoretical & clinical grounds for his famous 'rest cure' for hysterics. Since he was quite aware of the psychological nature of hysteria, much of Mitchell's treatment was suggestion therapy.
GM 5597; Waller 6830; Hears of Hippocrates #1697. Three additional volumes were issued. One of the finest French surgeons, Nélaton "invented a number of surgical instruments, among them a porcelein-tipped bullet probe and a flexible rubber catheter which bears his name" [Heirs #1697]. His 5-volume Elémens de pathologie chirurgicale (1844-1859) is his greatest work, in which he reported all his major discoveries and inventions. Volume 2, page 46 contains the description of "Nélaton's tumor" of bone, and page 441 "Nélaton's line."
GM 6401. All published, the second part of Band II never appeared. An important book by the doyen of early 20th century history of medicine and one of the founders of the field as a discrete discipline.
Golden & Roland #1375; GM 2231; One Hundred Books Famous in Medicine #82; Bibliotheca Osleriana 3544; Heirs of Hippocrates 2121.The foundation text for any serious Anglophone medical book collection. Born in Canada and educated at McGill, "Osler first taught at McGill University from 1875 to 1884, followed by five years at the University of Pennsylvani. His career reached its peak, however, in the fifteen years (1889-1904) he spent as professor of medicine at the new Johns Hopkins Medical School in Baltimore. It was there that he introduced the bedside method of teaching; it was there that 'clinical clerks,' young medical students, were taken out of the lecture halls and put in direct contact with the patient from whom they could learn, as Osler insisted, by studying the patient. In 1905 Osler was invited to become Regius professor of medicine at Oxford, where he spent the rest of his life." [Heirs]
GM-5 #1022 (1897 1st Russian edition); Heirs to Hippocrates 2129 (1898 1st German). The second English edition adds two chapters, conforms all Russian names to English language equivalents, and includes additional material by Pavlov's students and ex-students.The work for which Pavlov won the Nobel prize and that led directly to his discovery of conditional reflexes. I have long considered this the classic exposition of scientific method in the medical sciences, even better than Bernard's Introduction to Experimental Medicine. Pavlov's description of his experimental methods is concise and elegant. "Pavlov made perhaps the greatest contribution to our knowledge of the physiology of digestion. Especially notable was his method of producing gastric and pancreatic fistulae for the purpose of his experiments" [GM].
GM 1706. Important essays by the pioneer British statistician and biographer of Galton. Includes "Variation in Man and Woman," the first study of anthropological populations to use scientific measures of variability.
GM 6711 (all 4 volumes). Volumes 3 & 4 of The Medical Portrait Gallery (1st 2 volumes published 1838 by Fisher, Sons). Contains biographies (each with fine engraved portrait with tissue guard) for James Annesley, Charles Bell, Herman Boerhaave, John Bostock, John Cheyne, William Cruikshank, William Heberden, Hippocrates, A. P. W. Philip, George Sigmond, Benjamin Travers, James Ware [Vol. 3]; John Brown, Thomas Copeland, William Cullen, Galen, Marshall Hall, William Harvey, Sir James McGrigor, Pettigrew himself, Richard Powell, Peter Mark Roget, Anthony Stafford, Thomas Young [Vol. 4].
GM-5 4922; Cushing P286; Waller 7456; Heirs of Hippocrates 1070; Norman Catalog 1701; Norman 100 Books Famous in Medicine #54.Combining a psychological study with a social program for the humane care and rehabilitation of the insane, Pinel classified the types of alienation as melancholia, mania with and without delirium, and idiotism. In the final chapters he described the reforms he instituted in the management of his asylum. Pinel was the first to keep detailed psychiatric case histories — a tradition carried on and systematically elaborated by his brilliant pupil Esquirol. "Yet humanitarian treatment of the insane, although crucial to Pinel's psychiatric work, was not that work's sole focus, for Pinel also devoted himself to establishing psychiatry as a scientifically based branch of medicine. His Traité replaced the speculation and theorizing characteristic of earlier discussions of insanity with his own practical observations of the lunatics of the Bicêtre, whose illnesses could now be observed undistorted by cruel treatment. … He recognized emotional disorders to be the main cause of intellectual dysfunction, but also took into account heredity, predisposition, and hypersensitivity, and attempted to find relationships between insanity and cranial deformity" [Norman Catalog].
A classic cross-cultural study of women, encyclopedic in scope, the second edition of which is greatly revised & expanded. "A vast amount of data concerning every aspect of woman is collected into these volumes. Anthropology, psychology, aesthetics, physiology are all treated at length in what has become a standard adn authoritative work. Subsequent editions were edited by Max and Paul Bartels and vy von Reitzenstein. An English translation by E. J. Dingwall was published in ondon in 1935 . . ." [GM 179 citing the 1885 first edition].
GM #179, citing the first edition. A classic cross-cultural study of women, encyclopedic in scope. There were 11 editions in all, each being revised and enlarged, with the final editition appearing in 1927.
The ancient "science" of character-reading from physiognomy saw its Renaissance revival in della Porta's widely influential book — one of the first such manuals to be illustrated —, which itself was the ultimate foundation of Lavater's revival of the idea in the late 18th century. As so often, Sol Diamond got its importance exactly right, for the notions of causal dependence of behavior on the body and its expressive modes as well as of the possibility of methodically correlating the two were concepts necessary for the later emergence of clinical psychology and psychiatry. Porta himself was a major figure in the emergence of natural science, though in typical Renaissance fashion he combined elements of credulity with recognition of the importance of experiment and experiential confirmation of preconceived theories.
GM-5 #4928; Norman Catalog #1747; Hunter & Macalpine, pp. 836-842 (all the 1835 British first edition).Prichard coined the vastly influential concept 'moral insanity' which he briefly described in the Cyclopedia of Practical Medicine, 1833-35, and which he fully described in the present work. The standard British psychiatric text until Bucknill & Tuke (1858), Prichard's Treatise is also the first extensive description of psychopathy. In 1888 Koch introduced the term 'psychopathic inferiority' which Kraepelin adopted. Meyer used the term 'constitutional psychopathic inferior' in 1905 while Cleckley gave the classic exposition of the syndrome in his 1941 Mask of Sanity. The modern descriptions vary little from Prichard's while his term 'moral insanity' is more descriptive of the disorder's phenomenology than its pallid replacement 'psychopathy'.
GM 6391 & 1766.601 (both this 1st German edition): "The most comprehensive multinational study of the development of medical education, and of limited value for coverage of the 19th century." Translated into English in 1891 as History of Medical Education from the Most Remote to the Most Recent Times.
Norman Catalog 1787; Heirs of Hippocrates 1702; Sadoff Catalog p. 63.
Ray's last book, being a selection of 22 papers, all but two of which had already appeared in print.
GM 3924.2 With resumés in German and French and a bibliography of 817 items. First complete description of "Refsum's disease," an inherited disorder of lipid metabolism. Refsum published several preliminary descriptions, the first of which was "Heredoataxia hemelaropica polyneuritiformis" in Nord. med. 28: 2682-2686.Professor of neurology successively at Bergen & Oslo and president for eight years of the World Federation of Neurologists, Refsum had trained under Monrad-Kohn. He pioneered the study of neurogenetics.
GM-5 4923; Heirs of Hippocrates 1163 (1818 2nd edition); Norman catalog 1821. Along with Pinel's 1801 treatise, than which it is much rarer, the foundation text for modern psychiatry and the Ur-text for German psychiatry. The son of a pastor, Reil published in 1796 De structura nervorum, one of the great books in the history of neurology, founding in the same year the Archiv für Physiologie. By the time his Rhapsodien was published Reil had been professor of medicine at Halle for 15 years and was recognized as one of the leaders of German medicine.
- In the present work — regarded by Alexander and Selesnick as the first systematic treatise of psychotherapy — Reil "described the conditions which we would today call psychoneuroses. He observed cases of depersonalization and of double personality. He was interested in the patients' introspective self-observations, that is, in the ideational content and what we call trends. He gave a detailed and truly enlightened description of what a mental hospital should be" [Zilboorg (1942) p. 288].
- "While the title is usually quoted and considered to reflect Romantic notions, it is important to note that Reil used the term Rhapsodie to denote Kant's concept of a natural science based on empirical knowledge." Reil "proposed an empirical psychology for and by physicians, different from the psychology of the philosophers … While Reil saw the mind as acting in unison, he differentiated three primary closely related mental powers, which he found most notably affected in mental illness and to which the mental therapy of mental illness was to be primarily directed. They are consciousness, circumspection, and attention (Bewusstsein Besonnenheit and Aufmerksamkeit)" [Otto Marx, "German Romantic Psychiatry Part I" in Wallace & Gach History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Springer, 2008].
The revised and expanded edition of Rush's first published book (as opposed to pamphlets and tracts). Collects 21 papers including his essays on the natural history of medicine among the North American Indians; "An Account of the Bilious Remitting Fever" [GM 5470: "One of the first important accounts of dengue]; on the climate of Pennsylvania; scarlatina anginosa; cholera infantum; pulmonary consumption; worms in the alimentary canal; the use of arsenic in the cure of cancers; tetanus & hydrophobia; the influence of the Amerian Revolution on the human body; the relation of tastes and aliments and their influence on human health & pleasure; the new mode of inoculation for small-pox; appendix on the duties of a physician. Added for this edition is "The Account of the Means of Preventing the Usual Forms of Summer and Autumnal Disease." "A number of facts have been added to the Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Body and Mind, and to the Observation upon the Tetanus, Cynanche Trachealis, and Old Age" [from the preface].
GM (3rd edition) 2203; Blake p. 403; Heirs of Hippocrates #873; Zilboorg's History of Medical Psychology, pp. 305-307. A friend of Linnaeus, Sauvages was professor of medicine (and later of botany) at Montpellier. An important 18th century nosological treatise, which greatly influenced Linnaeus & Cullen.The botanist/physician Sauvages continued Sydenham's nosological work, first in his 1731 preliminary monograph, Traité des classes des maladies, and then in the present greatly enlarged and revised version with a long introduction and discussion about the principles of nosology and of classification in general. [Adapted from Karl Menninger's The Vital Balance (1963) pp. 431-3]. Sauvages describes ten classes of disease, the eighth being devoted to madness, which in turn he subdivided into four orders: errors of reason; the bizarre; deliria; anomalies. Sauvages placed the (in the 18th century) highly fashionable "vapors" under the fifth order of the sixth class. Heirs of Hippocrates notes that the Éloge at the beginning of the first volume is an informative presentation of Sauvage's life and achievements, and that the work is unique in that it served simultaneously as medical textbook and dictionary.
GM 6604.4 A revised summary of his two earlier Dutch publications, De geneeskunde in den dienst der Oos-tIndische Comapgnie in Nederlandsch-Indië (1929) and De Geneeskunde in Nederlandsch-Indië gedurende de negentiende eeuw (1935).
Meynell No. 4 (p. 51); GM 4815 (1859 German edition of the first work).
GM 4815: "brought histological examination to the forefront in connexion with theories on the localization of function. His careful microscopical studies confirmed the medulla as being the ultimate seat of epilepsy." An important Dutch alienist, Schroeder van der Kolk was inspector of asylums from 1841-1862.
Cooter 1065.2; Hunter-Macalpine pp. 715-16; Heirs of Hippocrates #1316 (1833 US edition). The first—and most important—application of phrenology to psychiatry, the French edition of which appeared in 1818. Spurzheim's fourth book.
Cooter 1065.6; Heirs of Hippocrates 1316 (1st American edition). Spurzheim revised the text for the American edition just before he died in Boston in 1832. Brigham, superintendent at Utica and founder in 1844 of the American Journal of Insanity, supplied much supplementary material in the appendix on the conditions discussed by Spurzheim. The four plates depict side views of the heads of idiots as well as plans for a hospital for the insane and one for individuals convalescing from mental illnesses.
"The first text providing diagnostic criteria for evaluating ancient skeletal remains" [GM 2312.7]. Based on Steinbock's 1973 honors thesis submitted to the Dept. of Biology at Harvard, which he converted into a book at Harvard Medical School. Drawing on material from radiologists, pathologists, and physical anthropologists, the book was primarily designed for anthropologists.
McHenry p. 520 (4to editon); Heirs of Hippocrates #1482 (folio edition). Originally issued in 1830 as an elephant folio. Threatened by the possibility of a pirate edition, Swan arranged for the production of this less expensive quarto edition. Finden, one of the engravers for the folio edition, re-engraved the plates for this edition. Anatomist and surgeon to Lincoln County Hospital, Swan was for forty years a member of the council of the Royal College of Surgeons, to which the work is dedicated. In 1835 Swan published a companion book on nonhuman neuranatomy.
An important book by the leading French forensic physician of the late 19th century. The 1867 first edition is GM 1745.
Cordasco 30-0877; Heirs of Hippocrates 1633: "Teale uses numerous case histories as examples in applying Broussais' doctrine of irritation to the nervous system." An interesting investigation of the origin of various kinds of pain described under the general rubric of neuralgia.A well-known provincial surgeon and one of the founders of the medical school at Leeds, Teale taught there for more than 25 years, chiefly anatomy and physiology. This is his first and only neurological book.
Temkin. The Falling Sickness. p. 229-31; McHenry p. 136; Blake 1979 p. 454. Issued as the first part of the third volume of his collected works on nervous diseases, but the first volume published. "Tissot collected material for many years for his important treatise on nervous diseaes. His work is especially important because of his numerous condensations of previous literature and his precise references to many writers otherwise forgotten or overlooked. One of the most significant portions of his work is his monograph on epilepsy . . . Overall, Tissot's importance is due to his clear differentiation between diseases of the nervous systme and the pathology of other body systems, w hich laid the foundation for modern neurology" [Heirs of Hippocrates #980 [the complete Traité, 1778-1780 edition]."Tissot's Treatise on Epilepsy, published in 1770, is the first book on this subject to show all the characteristics of Enlightenment in medicine. Written in the French vernacular, it is at once learned, scientific, and readable. … Tissot is to be found on the side of those opposing old beliefs for which no adequate reason could be given" [Temkin. The Falling Sickness. p. 229].
See GM 175 for Topinard's important work on anthropology. After practicing medicine for many years he became curator of the musuem of the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris. "This work received first prize in an essay contest sponsored by the Académie Impériale de Médecine. From 252 case histories, including many of his own patients, Topinard describes the clinical signs and pathological changes, both gross and microscopic, in progressive degenerative changes in the cereburm, cerebellum, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves which result in essentially incurable changes in control of body motion and position. Changes due to tumors, alcoholism, syphilis, and those of unknown etiology are treated with remarkable accuracy, considering the date of the book" [Heirs of Hippocrates #1965]. Also contains chapters on hysteria and functional nerve disorders.
GM 5003; Norman Catalog 2104; Heirs of Hippocrates 1929. The only member of this illustrious family to receive a medical degree (Heidelberg in 1853), Daniel Tuke was, with Maudsley, probably the most influential mid- to late 19th century British psychiatrist. His and Bucknill's 1857 Manual of Psychological Medicine was the first modern British textbook of psychiatry."The author's chief aim in the present work is to present the most important aspects and events concerning the treatment of the insane in the British Isles. In so doing, he reviews their treatment from Saxon times and discuss [sic] the contributions of the major institutions serving the insane. Tuke covers the development and progress of legislation affecting the treatment of the mentally ill and includes a chapter on the criminally insane. Treatment of the insane in Scotland and Ireland are also mentioned and the book concludes with a review of psychological medicine from 1844 to 1881" [Heirs].
GM 4947. The first psychiatric dictionary and still an immensely valuable work.
GM 1357 & 1386 (citing the first editions of 1771 & 1784); Meynell No. 26, p. 42.
According to GM Unzer was probably the first to use the term 'reflex' in connection with sensori-motor reactions while Prochaska developed a comprehensive theory of reflex action based on his concepts of vis nervosa (a latent power possessed by the nerves) and sensorium commune (the point of reflection between the sensory and motor nerves), See pages 90-97 in Fearing's Reflex Action: A Study in the History of Physiological Psychology for a good discussion of both Unzer and Prochaska.
GM #388 (1693 edition); Blake p. 472; Heirs of Hippocrates #663 (1705 edition); Choulant p. 248; Waller 9880; Hirsch V, 732. The standard period anatomical textbook, oft re-issued, which, according to Choulant, replaced Bertholin's textbook. The enlarged and revised 1710 edition is much preferred.Verheyen went to Louvain in 1675 to study theology, but after the amputation of a foot studied medicine at Louvain and Leyden instead, obtaining his medical degree from the University of Louvain in 1683. There he became professor of anatomy in 1689, and of surgery in 1693. See Choulant pp. 248-49.
GM 607. "Wagner was professor at Göttingen. His literary output was enormous. In the above work he contributed the sections on sympathetic nerves, nerve-ganglia, and nerve-endings. This work contained 63 extensive review articles from 30 authors" [GM].Contains E. H. Weber's Der Tastsinn und das Gemeingefühl (Band 3, 2. Abt., pp. 481-588), GM 1459, one of the great papers in the history of psychology & the foundation for all subsequent work on the sense of touch as well as somesthetic sensibility. Also contains contributions by Lotze (on vision), A. W. Volkmann (vision), F. W. Hagen (psychology & psychiatry), & J. E. Purkinje (on sleep, dreams, and waking states). Hagen's, Volkmann's & Purkinje's papers are all cited by Freud in Die Traumdeutung (Strachey's Bibliography A).
DSB XI:199-201; GM 1457; not in the Norman Catalogue (which means he never found a decent copy to buy); not in Heirs of Hippocrates; not in Waller; Boring's History of Experimental Psychology, 2nd ed., pp. 110-113; Zusne's Biographical Dictionary of Psychology, p. 454; Wozniak Mind and Brain ##37 & page 38. Weber "introduced new methods of measuring sensitivity, establishing perception as an experimental rather than an observational discipline. Working initially with the discrimination of lifted weights, Weber demonstrated that the smallest appreciable difference was a constant fraction of their actual weights. … [He went on to propose] a general law of discrimination that applied to all modalities but with fractions specific to the judgments involved. … He introduced the use of calipers to measure two-point thresholds on the skin surface and found that sensitivity varied enormously, with greatest sensitivity around the lips and least on the trunk. The magnitude of the thresholds depended on the areas of the skin stimulated, which led Weber to introduce the concept of sensory circles—areas on the skin surface that can result in the stimulation of a single peripheral nerve. … His work represents a distinct shift in the psychology of perception from philosophy towards physiology, from speculation to experimentation, and from qualitative to quantitative approaches" [Nicholas J. Wade, Perception and Illusion, pp. 137-138]%%"Whereas Purkyne had shown the value of applying the experimental method to the phenomenology of sensation, Weber extended the approach beyond experimentation to quantification" [Wozniak, p. 38].Weber spent his entire professional career at the University of Leipzig, where in 1817 he qualified as docent with a thesis on the comparative anatomy of the nervus sympathicus, was appointed the following year professor extraordinarius of comparative anatomy, and in 1821 was nominated to the chair of human anatomy, which in 1840 was joined with physiology. Though the bulk of the present work is devoted to the sense of touch (pages 44-175), in De pulsu Weber "showed that the pulse is a wave in the arteries caused by the heart action and that its propagation … is much faster than the flow of blood …" [DSB XI, p. 200]. He more fully developed the ideas first broached here in De tactu in his 1846 "Der Tastsinn und das Gemeingefühl", published as the section on touch in Wagner's Handwörterbuch der Physiologie. De tactu and "Der Tastsinn" were translated into English in 1978.
GM 1116; Norman Catalog 2228; Osler 4219 (all 3 the 1st edition); Heirs of Hippocrates 504 & Cushing W146 (both the 1659 edition); Waller 10265. The foundation text for modern endocrinology in which Wharton "gave the first thorough account of the glands of the human body, which Wharton classified as excretory, reductive, and nutrient. He differentiated the viscera from the glands and explained their relationship. … He described the duct of the submaxillary salivary gland (Wharton's Duct)" [and] described the thyroid more accurately than his predecessors, naming it" [GM-5 1116].
GM 4841; Heirs of Hippocrates 923 (both citing the 1765 first edition).
"Scotland's first 'neurologist' and the first after Thomas Willis to make fundamental contributions to the knowledge of the central nervous system and its functions … Whytt attempted to apply his neurophysiological findings clinically to bring order into the various diseases grouped haphazardly as 'nervous, hypochondriac or hysteric'" [Hunter & Macalpine]. "Whytt, a pupil of Monro primus and predecessor of William Cullen in the chair of medicine at Edinburgh, was one of the foremost physicians of the eighteenth century because of his contributions to clinical medicine and particularly to the understanding of reflex action" [Heirs of Hippocrates]. Whytt here discusses the significance of emotions in the pathogenesis of nervousness, hypochondria, and hysteria.
GM 6386. See Hirsch V for details about Wunderlich, who was, among other positions, director of the University of Leipzig's Institute of Medicine.
GM-5 1463 (citing the journal appearances but mistakenly omitting the book); Heirs of Hippocrates 1981; Wozniak Mind and Body #40 & pp. 41-42; DSB XIV. Wundt's second—and first psychological—book, consisting of six papers originally published in the Zeitschrift für rationelle Medicin 1858-1862 (in vols. 4, 7, 12, 14, 15). For their publication in book form Wundt added an important 22 page introduction, "Ueber die Methoden in der Psychologie," in which he stressed—in quite modern-sounding terms—the need for psychology to be empirical and based on induction.
- "Carrying out much of his experimental work in his own home and on his own time, Wundt began the study of sense perception that led to a series of publications collected, in 1872, as his Beiträge zur Theorie der Sinneswahrnehmung. … In these articles, Wundt provided the basics of a psychological theory of the perception of space (including some discussion of the need for unconscious inference, apparently arrived at in independence of Helmholtz [whose assistant at Heidelberg Wundt was], reviewed the history of theories of vision, analyzed the psychological function of sensations arising from visual accomodation and eye movement, presented the results of experiments on binocular contrast effects and stereoscopic fusion, and argued, contra Herbart, that the content of consciousness at a given instant always consists of a single, unconsciously integrated percept.
- Although the body of the Beiträge is important in its own right for exemplifying the direction that Wundt' work was taking, it is his introduction on method, written specifically for the Beiträge, which marked the emergence of Wundt's plan for an experimental psychology. Rejecting a metaphysical foundation for psychology, Wundt argued for the need to transcend the limitations of the direct study of consciousness through the use of genetic, comparative, statistical, historical, and, particularly, experimental methods. Only in this way, he suggested, would it be possible to come to a needed understanding of conscious phenomena as 'complex products of the unconscious mind' (p. xvi)" [Wozniak pp. 41-42].
Heirs of Hippocrates 1982. Wundt's fourth book, published just after he had begun lecturing on psychology in 1863."Among Wundt's important contributions to physiology are his original descriptions of isotonic curves produced by muscles under continued excitation and the effects of drugs on muscle action. This textbook on human physiology was published while Wundt was lecturer at Heidelberg" [Heirs].
Blake p. 499; Hirsch VI: 375; Waller 10493; Osler 4298 (1780 2nd edition only). "The first complete study of the anatomy of the human eye, including the first description of the 'zonule of Zinn' and the 'annulus of Zinn' [GM 1484]. "Zinn, one of Haller's best pupils at Göttingen, became professor of medicine there. Although he died very young, he produced this important book on the anatomy of the eye, which is a fundamental work in the history of ophthalmology" [Heirs of Hippocrates #966].
GM 86.2 Created as a festschrift for Welch's 70th birthday. Includes all six of Welch's Garrison-Morton papers (2308, 2508, 2516, 3011, 5061, 5621), a 53 page bibliography of his publications, and Simon Flexner's 24 page biographical introduction.Section 2: Garrison & Morton or Heirs of Hippocrates Books: Facsimiles, Reprints, & Less Costly Books
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