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Contains the doctor's report, various judicial/inquisitorial documents, and an account of the inquisition of Lazar Abeles. An important anti-Semitic tract that in its time caused a considerable stir in central Europe. First published in 1696 (at least the imprimatur reads 1696 and the British Library appears to have a 1696 copy). No copy located in OCLC, though, reasonably enough, the Czech National Library has a copy of this edition (but not of the 1696)."According to the report of the Jesuit John Eder [citing Eder's 1694 Mannhafte Beständigkeit des zwölfjährigen Knaben Simons Abeles], he [i.e., Simon Abeles] was killed by his father, Lazarus Abeles, March 21, 1694, because he persisted in his desire to embrace the Christian religion. The father, who was thrown into prison, strangled himself with his tefillin. Söbl or Levy Kurtzhandl, was imprisoned as an alleged accomplice and put to death with horrible tortures. The body of Simon was buried in the Teyn Church of Prague with great pomp and with the honors due a martyr" [Jewish Encyclopedia I: 51-52].
The third book in English on suicide, after Sym's 1637 Lifes Preservative Against Self-Killing and John Donne's 1647 Biothanatos, which Adams critically discusses. Adams already complained of the "General Supposition that every one who kills himself is non Compos, and that nobody wou'd do such an Action unless he were Distracted." Contains lengthy discussions of views about suicide in antiquity.
"One of the first testimonials to knowledge of the limits of human understanding" (DSB I, p. 80). An encyclopedic survey of the pseudo-sciences by the Renaissance Nietzsche. Discusses alchemy, astrology, augury, chiromancy, divination, dream interpretation, madness, witchcraft, and whoring amongst a hundred other topics.
Scottish realist and associationist theory of aesthetics, important in its day, in which the author strove to show that beauty is not a quality of things considered as existing apart from the mind. The article on 'beauty' in 19th century editions of the Encyclopedia Britannica by Francis Jeffrey derives principally from Alison's book.
Not in Wing. OCLC locates only the University of Iowa copy. The letters and documents are all in the original Latin or French, with two translated into English.
OCLC records only 2 copies of Le Nonce, at Syracuse and the Newberry Library, and none of the Sentence. The Bibliothèque National Nr. for the Sentence is FRBNF33734096; the BN has a number of copies of Le Nonce. Page 7 of the Sentence has the printed signature "Musnier," possibly either François or André Musnier, both of whom were writing on political subjects in the 1630s. Neither OCLC nor the BN ascribe an author to either pamphlet.
Later printing of the 6th revised and enlarged edition—the last lifetime edition.
The famous Port-Royal logic, which revolutionized the treatment of logic. Though realy a "handbook on method rather than a study of formal logic in the strict sense, it was strongly and conscously Cartesian — roughly, a development from Descarte's Regulae rather than Aristotle's Prior Analytica. By greatly elaborating the theory of clear and distinct ideas, Anauld sought to provide a way to science that would avoid Pyrrhonism" [Harry M. Bracken's essay on Arnauld in the the Encyclopedai of Philosophy 1: 465].
Born in Lüneburg, Arnemann studied philology, then medicine, gaining his medical doctorate in 1786 with his dissertation Experimentorum circa redintegrationem partium corporis in vivis animalibus institutorum prodromus, which was expanded in this German incarnation. In September 1787 he became professor extraordinarius of medicine at Göttingen, eventually being appointed ordinarius. A prolific author until his life was cut short by a duel, he published a number of works of some significance in surgery and, especially, ophthalmology. See Hirsch I: 197-198.
Hunter & Macalpine pp. 467-71; GM-5 #4920 (first edition: "Best historical account to the time." The first psychiatric textbook and the first multi-volume psychiatric work.Arnold proposed a new psychiatric nosology while his attention to clinical detail set a new standard for psychiatric scholarship. A famous provincial psychiarist, Arnold "owned a large private madhouse — judging from the number of patients admitted the third largest in the country — and acted as psychiatric consultant for a wide area" [Hunter & Macalpine, p. 467].
The first concordance to Shakespeare. Ayscough was Assistant Librarian at the British Museum who came to be known as the "Prince of Indexers." First published in 1790 as the third volume of Stockdale's edition of Shakespeare's works.
The reports of both Royal Commissions along with Bailly's summary of the Faculty's report and d'Eslon's spirited critique of both reports, in which he condemned their prohibition against the practice of animal magnetism. A nice collection of the most important documents relating to the reports of the two commissions, the highly negative conclusions of which destroyed Mesmer's scientific pretensions for animal magnetism, consigning it to fringe science for several generations, until it reemerged in the mid-19th century as a slightly more respectable hypnotism. Very controversial, the reports stimulated for years the publication of pamphlets and books defending or excoriating their negative conclusions.
Jessop p. 95. A Scottish metaphysician who apparently made his living as a tutor, Baxter wrote several philosophical books, of which this is by far his most important. Most of the second volume is devoted to a discussion of dreaming. "The main issues dealt with in it are whether the soul is material or immaterial; whether it is immortal; and, if it is immortal, whether disembodied life is like embodied life. For instance, can disembodied human souls act, perceive and remember just as they did when embodied? Three other subjects discussed in the Enquiry are whether dreaming is 'the effect of mechanism' or 'the effect of a living designing cause' (Baxter opts for the latter); whether Berkeley's 'scheme against the existence of matter' is conclusive (Baxter holds that it is not); and whether matter is eternal (Baxter holds it is not)" [Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century British Philosophers 1: 54-55].
Jessop page 99.
Scottish common-sense philosopher, colleague of Reid's, and professor of moral philosophy at Marischal College, Aberdeen from 1860, Beattie was famous for his refutation of Hume in his 1778 Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth. "An important, albeit minor figure in the Scottish Enlightenment, Beattie had the misfortune usually to be on the wrong side in his controversies — he opposed Hume and sided with Macpherson in the dispute over Ossian" [Rieber catalog #37].
Jessop p. 97; Rieber Catalog #36 (6th edition). The second edition is enlarged by the addition of a postscript (pp. 531-568) in which Beattie responded to critics of the first edition. A genuine comfort to Christian apologists rattled by Hume's scepticism, Despite his publisher's complete lack of faith in it, Beattie's book had by 1778 seen its sixth edition.Beattie's first book, written mostly in an attempt to refute Hume's scepticism. Appointed Professor of Moral Philosophy and Logic at Aberdeen in 1760, Beattie was an influential Scottish realist whose fame was secured — surprisingly — by his first book. "Surprisingly," because, as Jessop wrote, "Only with difficulty did this ungentle diatribe against Hume find a publisher and the one who accepted it required the full cost of publication to be borne by the author." And here it is in the next year, already in a slightly expanded second edition. Beattie's book led to a meeting with the King, a £200 pension, and a LL.D. from Oxford.
PMM 209.
The foundation for modern criminal law. Beccaria applied a utilitarian test to crimes and punishments, constructing a scale of crimes according to the extent of social evil they produced and calibrating punishments to crimes so that for any given crime the pain of punishment minimally exceeded the pleasure produced from the crime.
Crabtree #36; Caillet 979 (citing the Hague imprint); not in the Norman Catalog; Tinterow p. 18; Blake p. 42; Wellcome II, p. 147.A lawyer, Bergasse was a key figure in the spread of Mesmerism. When Mesmer felt threatened by D'Eslon in 1782, Bergasse and the financier Kornmann formulated the plan to found the Societé de l'Harmonie. The idea worked, succeeding in enriching Mesmer and in creating a broad base of support for Mesmerism. It is in this book that Bergasse expounds his mesmerically-founded philosophical theory. The book angered Mesmer and resulted in Bergasse leaving the society.
Published without Berkeley's name on the title-pages. Volume two contains the third edition of A New Theory of Vision, with a separate title-page. Widely influential the New Theory is generally regarded as the most significant directly psychological text published in the 18th century.Written during his stay in Newport, Rhode Island, this is Berkeley's attempt to refute the materialism of the free-thinkers.
"As one of London's most popular preachers and later as Archbishop of Canterbury, [Tillotson] led a movement within the Church to secure a greater comprehension for nonconformists, stressing the essential reasonableness of the faith and the need for a minimal creed. He believed that the differences between the majority of dissenters and Anglicans did not involve theological matters but instead centred on less important questions of order and practice. . . . He was an active participant in the effort to forward both a Toleration Bill and a Comprehension Bill in the aftermath of the 1688 Revolution. . . . Tillotson's clear and simple pulpit style, as evidenced in over 250 published sermons, placed him at the forefront of an intense controversy within the Church of England over the role of reason in the life of the spirit" [Dictionary of Seventeenth Century British Philosophers 2: 811].
Christian was Professor of the Laws of England at Cambridge. The first edition (of only a handful) to be illustrated with portraits.
The more important of Bonnet's two explicitly psychology books. Bonnet, regarded as one of the founders of biology as an experimental science, turned to psychology and philosophy in the 1750s after he had ruined his eyes doing microscopical work. "In his own mind Bonnet seems to have considered that he was defending the reality and activity of the soul. In fact, he made the brain and the physiological factors bear the whole burden of the work. Though he declined to be called a materialist, his interest in the animal organism gave his work a materialistic appearance. His empiricism is as thoroughgoing as Condillac's, but his outlook and method give him a different historical standing. He indicates the way of development for a new type of psychology, a distinctive physiological psychology" [Brett's History of Psychology, abridged edition, p. 481]. Diamond 16.7: "formulated the drainage theory of attention which would be popular for 150 years." Zusne #58 "anticipated the specificity of nerve energies. His neurophysiologically based empiricism makes him a precursor of the physiological psychology that was to develop in the 19th century."
Blake p. 58; Boring History of Experimental Psychology, 2nd ed., p. 211; DSB II: 286-87; Rieber catalog #54.A significant contribution both to associationist psychology and to the mind/body problem. Denying mechanical determinism, Bonnet argued "that the relation between mind and body indicates that the mind must operate in a physical organism, but survives it …" [Edwards (1972) p. I:345]. Virtually all Bonnet's philosophical and psychological ideas worked out in his later works are present, at least inchoately, here in the Essai, though his 1760 Essai de l'âme is probably more widely known.
A widely read treatise on despotic systems of government in Asia, written as a kind of introduction to Montesquieu's Esprit de loix. The 1764 English translation was probably done by John Wilkes. There were numerous 18th century editions and an abridge form of the text appeared in the Encyclopédie as "Oeconomie politique."
Wellcome II, p. 216; OCLC records only two copies: Countway & Wellcome. Though this is very late, given Boursier's date of death, we can find no record of an earlier edition.An erudite French Jansenist abbé, theologian, and member of faculty of the Sorbonne, Boursier is best known for his 1713 book De l'action de Dieu sur les créatures, ou de la prémotion physique. In his 1715 final book, Réflexions sur la prémotion physique, Malebranche responded to Boursier's claim in his De l'action de Dieu that occasionalism leads naturally to the Thomistic position that God determines our action by means of a physical premotion.
Published after a lengthy correspondence with Darwin, Brown's first book is essentially a devastating 560 page book review. Brown's criticisms mostly concern problems of sensation and the association of ideas. The influence of Berkeley & Reid is evident throughout. Brown was one of the first English-speaking philosophers to take note of Kant, writing an article on him for the second number of the Edinburgh Review.
The first collected edition of Browne's works.
Wing B5801.
OCLC records only 5 copies. Attributed variously to Francesco Barberi and Stefan Anton Marcello, this was in any case written by a member of the team of Inquisitors. OCLC gives Giovanni Barberi (1748-1821) as the author of the original Italian edition, but helpfully gives Francesco Barberi as the author of this German edition. Notorious occultist and promoter of Freemasony (which is what got him in trouble with the Inquisition), Cagliostro, who may have been the same person as Joseph Balsamo, traveled throughout Europe with his occult sideshow, mystifying and bamboozling aristocrats while helping to relieve them of some of their unneeded wealth. For an excellent and sober account of his life see the Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology, 4th ed., I: 191-195.
OCLC locates only two copies: Cornell & Yale. Apparently the first appearance of Campanella's De monarchia hispanica, which first appeared in Latin in 1640. It appears to be more of an abridged summary of the text (originally written by Campanella in 1600).Campanella's important treatise on contemporary politics and one of his two important utopian books, the other being the more famous Civitas solis. In the present work Campanella advocates a theocratic monarchy under the aegis of Spain and the Church. "Campanella evinces, among ideas singularly strange and erroneous, considerable practical knowledge of civil government. To extend Spanish rule in Europe he advised intermarriage of the Spaniards with other nationalities, urged the establishment of schools of astronomy, mathematics, mechanics, etc., and the immediate opening of a naval college to develop the resources of the New World and further the interests of its inhabitants. In general he advocated natural honesty and justice and the universal love of god and man in place of the utilitarian principles and egoism of Machiavelli" [Catholic Encyclopedia article on Campanella].
Wellcome II, p. 419; Caillet 2728. Translated into English in 1665 as The Art How to Know Men.An important 17th century French work on character. Both this and La Chambre's Les caractères des passions (Amsterdam: 1658-63) are significant period contributions to psychology. Writing in an age when science and pseudoscience still weren't separate, La Chambre wrote works on the passions, chiromancy, light and rainbows, and animal rationality. La Chambre was physician to Chancellor Séguier, as well as to Louis XIII & Louis XIV. He was one of the early members of the French Academy in 1635, and later in 1666 one of the first members of the Academy of Sciences. He had been a protogé of Cardinal Richelieu, who approved the fact that as early as 1634 he chose to publish in French rather than Latin.
Cole Chemical Literature 1700-1860: A Bibliography #296. One of the most important period textbooks of chemistry, which was translated into German, Spanish, Italian, and English. This third edition is the last real revision—Cole notes that the 1803 fourth edition appears to reprint the text of the third. "New facts and applications are added [to this edition], especially information on potassium nitrate, the making of soap and the tanning of leather" [Cole].At the time Professor of Chemistry at the University of Montpellier (a position created expressly for him), Chaptal was one of the first adherents of Lavoisier's anti-phlogiston oxygen theory. He "had a lifelong interest in chemical manufacture and achieved success in its commercial as well as its scientific side. He set up the first French factory for the commercial production of sulphuric acid" [Trevor Williams, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists (Wiley, 1969), p. 104].
First a lawyer, then a priest, Charron — Montaigne's friend and disciple — became a highly successful preacher. His third and last book, De la sagesse (1601), though professedly orthodox, was recognized by the devout as "a seminary for impropriety." He was persecuted for it until his death from apoplexy, which his critics pronounced to be a divine dispensation. In his Introduction to the History of Civilization in England, Buckle called Charron's book the first attempt in a modern language to construct a system of morals without the aid of theology. Charron was the first to insist that true morality cannot be founded on religious hopes and fears. "As Montaigne was the effective beginner of modern literature, so is Charron the beginner of modern secular teaching. He is a Naturalist, professing theism" [taken from John M. Robertson's A Short History of Freethought Ancient and Modern, Putnam's, 1906, II: 20-21].
Freeman 1979 p. 64, cited as one of the 100 classic works on aging. A second edition appeared in 1725; Blake p. 86; Heirs of Hippocrates 761; Osler 2303 (2nd edition); Wellcome II p. 338; Cushing C211. A forerunner to his 1733 English Malady, this was even more popular, going into 10 editions by 1787. Suffering from both depression and obesity, Cheyne spent decades both working out dietary self-cures and (quite successfully) peddling them to the fashionable set. Much of his advice, couched of course in 18th century medical terms, is actually by 21st century standards quite reasonable, This then probably counts as the first bestselling diet book in English.
Freeman 1979 p. 64, cited as one of the 100 classic works on aging. Blake p. 86; Heirs of Hippocrates 761; Osler 2303 (2nd edition); Wellcome II p. 338; Cushing C211. A forerunner to his 1733 English Malady, this was even more popular, going into 10 editions by mid-century. Suffering from both depression and obesity, Cheyne spent decades both working out dietary self-cures and (quite successfully) peddling them to the fashionable set. Much of his advice, couched of course in 18th century medical terms, is actually by 21st century standards quite reasonable, This then probably counts as the first bestselling diet book in English.
Norman Catalog 475; GM 4921; Waller 1954; Blake p. 87; McHenry Garrison's History of Neurology, pp. 130 & 131; Gilman Seeing the Insane p. 153; Heirs of Hippocrates 1641 (1795 German translation); not in Wellcome, Osler, or Cushing; 3 copies located in North America: NLM, Yale, and Bancroft. Probably the rarest important modern psychiatric book—and offered here in as nice a copy as one could wish to find. In the introduction to the catalog of his extraordinary collection of the history of medicine & science, Haskell Norman wrote, "Chiarugi's book is so rare that I have heard of only two other sets changing hands in almost forty years. Legend has it that most copies were lost in a flood of the river Arno."
- Chiarugi was medical director of the Bonifacio Asylum at Florence from 1788, where he abolished all severe forms of restraint, antedating by a number of years Pinel's reforms at the Bicêtre. The Dalla pazzia — his best known work — was one of the first attempts at a systematic classification of the psychoses and also gave the first extensive description of his methods of humane treatment (which were first briefly described in the section he added to the 1789 Regolamento dei Regi Spedali di Santa Maria Nuova e di Bonifazio.
- "Chiarugi's reformed system of treatment of the mentally ill was given full expression in his Della pazzia, in which he classified insanity into melancholia, mania and dementia, and gave a system of diagnosis and treatment for each. The work also presents Chiarugi's observations on hundreds of cases (many of them supported by autopsies)… Chiarugi's work has traditionally been regarded as one of the greatest rarities in the history of psychiatry" [Norman Catalog].
- "Vincenzo Chiarugi's Medical Treatise of Insanity, with one hundred observations (1793-1794) contains two plates depicting the insane. One is a study of brain structure; the other, a representation of two methods of restraint. This illustration is of particular historical significance because it is the first to show the 'English camisole' or straightjacket (Figure 4 [of the first folding plate]). Figure 1 depicts the maniac's bed with details of how its restraints operated. … [T]he major difference between Picart's [1735 engraving] and Chiarugi's images is the total absence of violence in the later illustration and thus a heightened sense of passive acceptance of treatment or restraint. The restraints portrayed by Chiarugi were intended to control the most violent patients, yet the image of the insane as a wild beast is not present. … By the end of the century [the view of madmen as completely out of control] was being modified to conform to the perception of the etiology of insanity as what Chiarugi called 'an impairment of the physical structure of the sensorium commune' [Gilman p. 153].
- "The earliest illustrations of the pathological lesions in the brain are shown in the works of Chiarugi (1794). Although the specimen of the brain shown cannot be clearly defined, the cortical gray ribbon and white matter can be seen along with what is probably the temporal horn of the lateral ventricular. A large mass, probably a neoplasm, is attached to the specimen" [McHenry p. 131, illustrating figure 4 from the second folding plate].
Evans 30226. With his usual vitriolic style Cobbett here srongly defends President Washington's foreign policy. Supported by the Francophiles in Washington's administration, Adet had publicly attacked the treaty with England, understandably, since it would make England rather than France the United State's principal ally.
GM 4968; Heirs of Hippocrates 935; DSB 3: 381; Edwards, Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2: 180-182; Diamond 16.6; Wozniak Mind and Body, p. 33; Rieber catalog #114.
- A classic contribution to psychology and a high spot of French Enlightenment philosophy. Stimulated both by Diderot's 1749 book on the blind and by the French translations of Locke and Newton that he had read, Condillac attempted to refute Berkeley's idealism by founding human mental phenomena entirely on sensation, as illustrated by his famous fiction of a statue endowed at first with only the sense of smell. Though Condillac's attempt was not entirely successful (as Wozniak points out, "Condillac's extreme sensationalism runs afoul of the obvious fact of variation … in biological constitution"), nevertheless he influenced just about every 18th century author who wrote on philosophical psychology after the publication of his treatise .
- A clear and highly influential consequence of Condillac's analysis was its conclusion that psychology had perforce to be nominalistic. As Brett wrote, "Condillac thinks that Locke did not really get away from the obsession of innate ideas; he is himself more thorough and tells us that all general ideas are merely ways of regarding special or particular ideas. When we consider similarities we move toward general ideas: if we consider differences we make species; as both are operations of the mind there is no need to assume that the general ideas point to any distinct class of objects, the real universals for example. Psychology, within its own limits, must side with the nominalists" [Brett's History of Psychology, abridged edition, p. 470].
One of the nobles who supported the French revolution, Condorcet was, after being elected to the Convention, chosen to prepare the Girondist draft for the constitution, but although his proposals were almost always passed on the floor, they were very rarely put into effect. In 1793 he shared the fate of the Girondins: his arrest was ordered in July 1793, but he managed to remain hidden in Paris until March of the following year, during which time he wrote his most important book, the Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, the Enlightenment's swan song.
Originally published anonymously in 1711. The Charactersticks printed for the first time Shaftesbury's "Miscellaneous Reflections" and printed the first complete and correct text of his "Inquiry concerning Virtue or Merit." It also reprinted "A Letter concerning Enthusiasm"; "Sensus Communis: an Essay on the Freedom of Wit and Humour"; "Soliloquy: or Advice to an Author"; "A Notion of the Historical Draught or Tablature of the Judgment of Hercules"; "The Moralists, a Philosopical Rhapsody"—each with a separately printed title-page.Shaftesbury originated the Moral Sense theory of ethics, holding that we distinguish right and wrong by a distinctive moral sense that works as a special kind of feeling-response, such that sensing virtue in actions resembles sensing beauty in art. Thus, both ethics and beauty are concerned with harmony. Contra Hobbes, Shaftesbury argued that humans have a natural sympathy leading to benevolence, social interest, and the public good.
Historical and analytic study of materialism written in the form of a letter to Guillaume François Berthier (1704-1782), French critic who attempted to refute the Social Compact. Contains references to Descartes, Voltaire, men as machines, etc. Sometimes falsely attributed to Diderot.
Trained as a Jesuit, the abbé Coyer left the order in 1736. He is best known for his writings on economics.
The principal work by the most systematic metaphysician among the Cambridge Platonists. Cudworth attempts to refute whate he took to be the two principal forms of atheism: materialism (especially Hobbes') and hylozoism. Cudworth's epistemological dualism of activity and passivity (as opposed to Descartes' of consciousness and extension) was very influential right up to Darwin.
"Because of his standing in the medical world, D'Eslon gave Mesmer credibility among the intelligentsia of Paris. This book was his major opus on animal magnetism in which he describes his first exposure to animal magnetism and how he became convinced of its efficacy. He adheres to all of Mesmer's teachings about the nature of the phenomenon, although he does not emphasize the doctrine of a magnetic fluid. D'Eslon stresses the importance of the fact that animal magnetism is effective as a treatment for illness. He knew this from his own experience, having been cured by Mesmer of a life-long ailment [Crabtree].
Cushing D58, GM 105, Osler 2413, Waller 10790, Wellcome II p. 433; Heirs of Hippocrates 999 (1803 2nd American edition)."In the present work . . . Darwin stressed the concept of the gradual evolution of complex organisms and discussed the competition for existence, the idea of sexual selection, and the influence of environment. He thus anticipated by some sixty-five years the work of his renowned grandson" Heirs #999. "The express aim of Darwin's Zoonomia was to unravel the theory of diseases. For this purpose he thought it was necessary to examine the structural and physiological principles governing the organization of the animal system. He adopted the framework of Albrecht von Haller's physiological theory, through which he wove a sensationalist psychology" [Richards, Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior, p. 31]. In the long chapter on instinct Darwin argued that instincts were acquired rather than pre-existent.
Diamond 13.6. The first lengthy treatise on animal automatism.
- "This book is the only published work of an obscure Jesuit priest who died in the year of its publication. The theory presented herein, which is essentially the drainage theory of learning as developed in the late nineteenth century by James and McDougall, is a direct development of the Cartesian automaton theory. It is especially notable because Dilly did not merely link simultaneous events, as Descartes had done and as most associationists continued to do, but described a process whereby the weaker stimulus comes to evoke the response formerly attached to the stronger stimulus — a true conditioning paradigm. … It is known that Locke read this book and brought it back to England with him" [Diamond The Roots of Psychology 13.6, p. 309].
- Obscure though the author was, De l'ame des bêtes proved influential and saw two later editions in 1680 and 1691. Realizing that his hypothesis about animals was a corollary of the Cartesian dichotomy, Dilly reproached Descartes for not having stressed sufficiently the dangerous consequences of the non-automatist view. Nonetheless he lauded Descartes for originating the theory of the beast-machine. See Rosenfeld's From Beast-Machine to Man-Machine, pp. 269-275.
A London-born Nonconformist minister and prolific author and hymn-writer, Doddridge established in the 1730s a circle of independent religious thinkers and writers, including Isaac Watts. His most important and widely read book, this was frequently reprinted, both in America and the UK, well into the mid-1800s. "His philosophical importance rests on his place as a teacher introducting some knowledge of the thought of the period to the dissenting ministers who passed through his academy" [Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century British Philosophers I: 280].
Evans 22478.
Jonathan Edwards' son was a leader in the New Divinity movement that elaborated and refined his father's ideas. After graduating from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton) in 1765, Edwards served as pastor of a New Haven church from 1769 to 1795, when he was dismissed for opposing the Half-Way Covenant.
Includes the translation of the 6th century Simplicius of Cilicia's Commentarius in enchiridion Epecteti and a free adaptation of Gilles Boileau's (1631-1669) 1655 La vie d'Epictète (first translated into English in 1670). The editio princeps of Simplicius in Latin was Venice 1546. The greatest ancient authority on Aristotle's Physics, Simplicius lived in Athens and taught at the Academy founded by Plato until Justinian banned pagan philosophers from posts in schools of higher learning.
Blake p. 141; Wellcome III p. 2; Hirsch II, p. 322. Best-known for his works on syphilis the French physician and surgeon Fabre wrote a number of works on medicine, syphilis, and physiology.
STC 10829; Wellcome I 2219; Hunter & Macalpine p. 118; Semelaigne Les pionniers de la psychiatrie française I, 47-49; Jackson Melancholia and Depression From Hippocratic to Modern Times, pp. 359-360; George Mora, "Renaissance Conceptions and Treatments of Madness", p. 247 IN Wallace & Gach's History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology (Springer, 2008); Zilboorg A History of Medical Psychology, pp. 269-270. First French edition published 1612 in Toulouse as Traité de l'essence et guérison de l'amour; 2nd edition Paris 1623 as De la maladie d'amour ou mélancholie érotique. An Oxford scholar and musician, the translator, Edmund Chilmead (1610-1654), was appointed canon of Christ Church in 1632. Expelled in the 1640s, he moved to London and subsequently made his living as a translator, most notably of Campanella's Discourse Touching the Spanish Monarchy.
- An important book in the history of psychiatry and the first use in English of the term "erotomania," which was not in the title of either French edition. Ferrand practiced medicine in the French town of Agen. In 1604 he treated a "young Schollar of that city, who was desperatly gone in love." The young man "could neither enjoy his sleep nor take delight in anything in the world." The entry of a young serving-maid into the room turned out to be "the meanes of discovering the true ground of his Disease. For she coming in at the instant I was feeling his pulse, I perceaved it suddenly vary its motion, and beat very unequally; he presently grew pale, and Blushed againe in a moment, and could hardly speake. At the last seeing himselfe as it were taken tardy, he plainely confest the true Cause of this, his distemper …" [spelling & capitalization as in the original]. Described on pages 117-119, this is the first recorded case of a patient gaining insight through medical treatment.
- Writing with Galen's humoral categories in mind, Ferrand frequently appeals to classical authorities. Nonetheless, his own observations do have a way of creeping into his text. Ferrand applies the clinical method to medical afflictions produced by intense love, insisting on the importance of what we today call "insight." Though it seems obvious now, somebody had to do it first. Includes chapters on astrology; external & internal symptoms; various medical & pharmaceutical remedies for love melancholy; the diagnostic use of physiognomy & chiromancy, and of dream interpretation; "Whether Love-Melancholy be an Hereditary Disease;" "Whether or no, a Physitian may by his Art find out Love, without Confession of the Patient;" and "Of Melancholy, and its several Kinds." Stanley Jackson suggests in his discussion of Ferrand's book that the use of the term "erotomania" in contexts dealing with love-melancholy may stem from Chilmead's use of the term in the title of his translation. Though some scholars have suggested that Robert Burton significantly drew on Ferrand for his extensive discussion of "Love-Melancholy," Jackson thinks it likelier that both authors used the same sources. Burton did, however, own the 1623 French edition.
Willems Elsevier Bibliography #423; not in Wellcome; Waller #3021 (1657 London edition only).
Born in Antwerp, Feyens (whose father was also a physician) studied in Italy, and became personal physician for Duke Maximilian of Bavaria. In 1593 he became Professor of Medicine at Louvain and a few years later personal physician to archduke Albert of Austria. He published a number of medical books, ranging from essays on the formation of the fetus to a handbook of surgery and a treatise on imagination. See Hirsch II, p. 363.
Fichte's attempt to complete Kant's work by showing that the conditions of knowledge can be deduced from a single principle, from which a complete system of reason can be constructed. Fichte coined the neologism "Wissenschaftslehre" to replace "Philosophie."
Wing F915. The last chapter (pages [293]-326) is "An Advertisement to the Jury-Men of England Touching Witches," in which Filmer takes issue with the methods of some of the earlier "witch-finders for determining whether a person is a witch. In particular he questions the reasoning of William Perkins, a religious zealot whose Discourse on the Damned Art of Witchcraft was considered by many rural magistrates as completely authoritative. This first appeared in 1653 without Filmer's name [See Coumont Demonology and Witchcraft: An Annotated Bibliography F33.1].Knighted by Charles I at the beginning of his reign, Filmer strident defended the absolute divine right of kings, founding his theory upon the idea that the government of a family by the father is the true original model for all government. He articulated his theory in a number of works — the 1648 Anarchy of a Limited and Mixed Monarchy (an attack on Philip Hunton's treatise on monarchy, which held that the king's prerogative is not superior to the authority of parliament); the pamphlet The Power of Kings; the 1648 King of England (not published until 1680); and his 1652 Observations concerning the Originall of Government upon Mr Hobbes's Leviathan … In the Free-Holders Grand Inquest he asserted that the Lords only give counsel to the king, the Commons only perform and consent to the ordinances of parliament, and the king alone is the maker of laws, which proceed purely from his will. The most complete exposition of Filmer's views is to be found in the 1680 Patriarchia, or the Natural Power of Kings, published decades after his death. Locke singled out Filmer as the most remarkable of the proponents of Divine Right and rebutted his arguments in great detail in the Two Treatises of Government.
Medical dissertation taken under Friedrich Hoffmann.
Not in OCLC. Strassbourg thesis submitted to Johann Jakob Witter.
Wellcome III, p. 66 (but not this 2nd edition); Blake p. 161. A disquisition on menstruation and menstrual disturbances from the iatro-mechanical point of view.Educated in the humanities and medicine at Oxford, Freind "delivered the Ashmolean lectures on chemistry in 1704 [and] was an intellectual light of considerable prominence in his day. He accompanied the Earl of Peterborough on his Spanish campaign (1705), as physician to the English forces and subsequently mixing in politics as a partisan, was commited to the tower on the charge of high treason … but was soon released on the good offices of Mead, and became physician to Queen Caroline in 1727" [Garrison's History of Medicine, 4th ed., p. 371]. During his imprisonment Freind planned his History of Physic, regarded as the first extensive English history of medicine.
Wing G80; Bibliotheca Astrologica 440. The first English book with detailed nativities of prominent persons.Probably an English recusant, Gadbury, who had been William Lilly's pupil, himself became a renowned astrologer and author of numerous astrological works. "Gadbury obtained a very wide circulation for his publications, which excited the envy of his brother astrologers and almanac-makers, who maliciously endeavoured to bring him into trouble on account of his faith. His name was dragged into the fabricated Popish Plots of 1678-9, and he was again accused of being in another plot in 1690. Partridge issued a scandalous publication against him in 1693, entitled the 'Black Life of John Gadbury'" [Gillow, A Literary and Biographical History, or Bibliographical Dictionary of the English Catholics 2: 349-354].
First appearance in English of the essays by Voltaire, d'Alembert, and Monesquieu.
A classic contribution to 18th century aesthetics by a leading member of the Scottish Enlightenment. Gerard's first book, of which there were three contemporary editions and a French translation.
DSB V: 416; Osler 2736; Wellcome III, p. 120; Wing G-827; Thorndike History of Magic and Experimental Science VIII: 567-568; Pyle Dictionary of Seventeenth-Century British Philosophers I: 340-344. The first version of Scepsis appeared in 1661 as The Vanity of Dogmatizing and a reworked version appeared as Essay II in Glanvill's 1676 Essays.One of the most important treatises on scientific method. In 1661 Glanvill published his first book, The Vanity of Dogmatizing, in which he developed a range of sceptical views about ancient and modern philosophy, which resulted in Baxter and Henry More both becoming close friends. The English Catholic thinker Thomas White (the "Albius" in the title) attacked Glanvill's scepticism in his 1663 Sciri, in response to which Glanvill wrote this more extended version of The Vanity, which led to his election to the Royal Society. Citing the range of sceptical literature from Sextus Empiricus to Montaigne, Sanchez, Charron, and Gassendi, Glanvill emphasized the problem of gaining indubitable knowledge through the senses. "He argued that in order to really know anything in the dogmatists' sense, one would have to know things in terms of their causes. But we do not see causal connections. In fact we only judge about causes in terms of constant conjunctions and concomitancies. This can never give us complete certainty since it is always possible that things can actually be otherwise than we think. The 'vanity of dogmatizing' is having complete confidence in what is actually uncertain. The Aristotelians, the Cartesians and the Hobbesian materialists all think that they know about nature as it really is. However, a good dose of scepticism applied to their beliefs shows that they are only offering opinions that are not certain, and uncertainties to not constitute science" [Richard H. Popkins' article on Glanvill in Pyle, I: p. 341].
Published anonymously, the first edition is uncommon (the DNB gives the date incorrectly as 1766).
Professor of medicine at Edinburgh, Gregory was an intimate friend of Hume, Monboddo, & Blair. Arguing here for an integrative study of body & mind, Gregory insists that we can learn much about human nature from observation of animals.
Kress 6188; Goldsmith 9959. Discusses trade & commerce, and improvements for cultivation in the North American colonies, especially Canada and Florida. All of the second part is devoted to the cultivation of lucerne by transplantation.
Norman Catalog 1003; Rieber Catalog 189; Diamond 13.8 & 22.7; Boring 1950 pp. 193-99; Wozniak Mind & Body #29, p.33. The foundation text for association psychology, often regarded as the first physiological psychology, since Hartley "consistently and consecutively stated his propositions in mental and physical terminology" [Zusne, p. 42].Hartley's most influential book — although its influence lay in the 19th rather than the 18th century, the first edition attracting little notice. Hartley's views on sensation were taken directly from Newton's Principia, while his theory of vibrations was inspired by the latter's Optics. Both physiological psychology and associationism derive from this book.
Volume 3 is titled Notes and Additions to Dr. Hartley's Observations on Man by Herman Andrew Pistorius … Translated from the German original … to which is prefixed a Sketch of the Life and Character of Dr. Hartley. Also published in a single 4to volume and reprinted in 1801. This is the best and most complete edition, restoring the important section on the theory of vibrations which Priestley had deleted from his 1775 edition.Hartley's most influential book - although its influence lay in the 19th rather than the 18th century, the first edition attracting little notice. Hartley's views on sensation were taken direct from Newton's Principia, while his theory of vibrations was inspired by the latter's Optics. Both physiological psychology and associationism derive from this book.
Blake p. 202; Wellcome III, p. 232; Heirs to Hippocrates #709. Pages 373-396 contain Jean Astruc's (1684-1766) "Memoire sur la cause de la digestion des alimens.""Hecquet, a native of Abbeville in Picardy, graduated in medicine at Reims in 1684. He was physician at Port Royal for a number of years and moved to Paris in 1684. . . . He taught at Paris for a number of years and was made physician to the Charité in 1710. Hecquet was a member of the Iatrophysical School . . . and was an ardent defender of the mechanical theory of digestion, which he expounds upon in the present work. The treatise became quite popular so Hecquet expanded it in 1730 and another editon appeared in 1747, after his death" [Heirs 709].
Blake p. 202; Wellcome III, p. 232; Heirs to Hippocrates #709 (1st edition). Vastly enlarged from the first edition.
Clandestine re-issue of the text of the 1st edition with line 1 of page 5 reading 'mon ', preceded by the very rare suppressed first edition, only a few copies of which were printed and distributed to friends, and the censored 2nd edition. See D. W. Smith's "The Publication of Helvetius' De L'esprit (1758-9)", Yale French Studies 18: 332-344. Durand had had the foresight to hide the type for the first edition, which allowed him to produce this slightly altered clandestine edition.The great 18th century argument for environmentalism. Immediately banned, De l'esprit became an ideological causes celebres of the 18th century and greatly influenced Bentham's formulation of utilitarianism. Helvetius maintained along with Condillac that all forms of intellectual activity have their origin in sensation; in ethics he judged the good in terms of self-satisfaction, regarding self-interest as the sole motive for action.
Diamond 4.4, 17.4, and 20.6.
Immediately banned, De l'esprit — the only book of Helvetius published in his lifetime — caused an uproar. Brett notes that Helvetius "developed the positivism of La Mettrie in the direction of social anthropology" and sees La Mettrie as "probably responsible for the general tendency exhibited by Helvetius." [Brett's History of Psychology, abridged version, pp. 524 & 522]. Helvetius' subject is decidedly not "mind," though that is how his untranslatable title got rendered in English, but man as a social unit construed as an intellectual, moral, and political creature. It is no wonder then that Beccaria said that Helvetius was the inspiration for his legal and penal reforms. Diamond regards Helvetius as an unacknowledged forerunner of Watsonian behaviorism and as anticipating the 20th century focus on interests in vocational counseling.
During his lifetime most of Hemsterhuis's works were printed anonymously for private circulation. In this, his most important book and the basis for the later Platonic dialogues that influenced the Romantics, he elaborated a dualist philosophy like Descartes's but combined it with an empiricist-sensationalist theory of perception that probably derived from Locke & Condillac. Hemsterhuis here elaborates ideas first broached in his 1765 Lettre sur la sculpture and 1769 Lettre sur les désirs. In the former he argued that the essence of the aesthetic experience is the longing to unite with the art object, which idea he generalized in the letter on desire into a theory of ethics. "Through sensory perception man receives an image of what exists in reality. This image, however, is incomplete, and if man had other organs, he could perhpas see other aspects of reality. Through what Hemsterhuis calls the "moral organ" man is aware of an immediate feeling of his relationship with God. The moral organ is also responsible for the feeling of relation, rapport, that man has with thousands of other men, and the development of such relations is dependent on the perfection of the moral organ. This theory leads to an individualistic concept of man's duties, which is one of the reasons for Hemsterhuis' influence on the German philosophy of Sturm und Drang and romanticism.
The 1780 first edition was edited by Hévin from manuscripts of J[ean]-F[rançois] Simon [died 1770]. This second and the 1793 third edition were both substantially enlarged by and published under the name Hévin's name.
Tchemerzine III, 722. Kind of a warm-up for his great 1770 Système de la nature. Holbach here detailed the cruelty inspired by religions. Born Paul Heinrich Dietrich in Edesheim, Germany, Holbach was "the foremost exponent of atheistic materialism and the most intransigent polemicist against religion in the Enlightenment" [Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4: 49]. Holbach contributed numerous articles to the Encyclopédie on politics, religion, chemistry, etc. In his most influential (notorious?) book, the 1770 System of Nature, he denied the existence of a deity and argued that the foundation for morality is happiness. Holbach elicited numerous conemporary refutations from Frederick the Great to Voltaire in his article on God in the Dictionary of Philosophy. The eminent Catholic theologian Nicolas-Sylvestre Bergier wrote his Examen du matrialisme specifically to refute Holbach.
STC 13895; GM-5 4964; Diamond 10.2, 15.4, 17.1; Hunter & Macalpine page 46. The first attempt to show the connection between psychology and physiology, and one of the most influential scientific texts by a Spanish author.Long regarded as the first modern psychology book. Huarte attempts to explain the origin of individual differences with a humoral theory & "emphasizes somatic determinants of behavior" Diamond 11.2, 15.4 & 17.1. First published in Spanish in 1575, 1st English edition 1594 (translated from the Italian). Enormously popular Huarte's book was translated into seven languages and re-issued seventy times before 1700.
Jessop page 7. Follows the text of the 1777 edition with Hume's last revisions.
Hunter & Macalpine p. 335. Born in Ireland, Hutcheson was educated at Glasgow University before his return to Ireland in 1718. In the 1720s he produced four treatises that were profoundly to affect the course of British philosophy: the first two appearing in 1725 in his best known work, An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue; the second two appearing in 1728 in the present book. The two works secured his election as Professor of Moral Philosophy in Glasgow in 1729. Hutcheson seriously influenced the ideas of Hume, with whom he correspondend in the late 1730s and 1740s. Adam Smith and Thomas Reid were both students. "In his Essay … Hutcheson refined his moral psychology. offering a kind of phenomenology of the internal modifications and the ideas they provoke. In the appended Illustrations upon the Moral Sense, he not only addressed criticism of his theory but also endeavoured to show that rival systems, like those proposed by the rationalists, depended on a moral sense for their coherence" [Dictionary of Eighteenth Century British Philosophers 1: 456].An important contribution to moral theory, supplementing the discussion of morality in his 1725 Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue. Considerably influenced the Scottish 'Common Sense' philosophers. "Hutcheson was interested in the psychological aspects of temperament and emotion and the effect of the 'Association of Ideas' in rousing and maintaining feelings, even when 'contrary to Reason', and showed that they 'were not so much in our Power, as some seem to imagine', a fact which could account for a whole range of psychological responses, from normal to pathological." [HM].
OCLC locates only one copy, at Penn State. Elected FRS in 1775. A prominent churchman of his day, Jones published sermons about nature, seeing "symbols of orthodox Christian truth, especially trinities, where others sought design and natural religion. Jones was one of the great upholders of Anglican High Church tradition, and a prominent opponent of the Enlightenment, Unitarianism and civil indiscipline" [Dict. of Eighteenth Century British Philosophers, I: 494].
Elected FRS in 1775, Jones was a prominent churchman of his day. He published sermons about nature, seeing "symbols of orthodox Christian truth, especially trinities, where others sought design and natural religion. Jones was one of the great upholders of Anglican High Church tradition, and a prominent opponent of the Enlightenment, Unitarianism and civil indiscipline" [Dict. of Eighteenth Century British Philosophers, I: 494].
Wozniak Mind and Body #32 and pp. 34-35; Warda 195.
- Kant's major contribution to the nascent disciplines of psychiatry & psychology in which he classified the mental diseases and analyzed sensation, imagination, & feeling, concluding that the study of man could not be scientific since it was not mathematizable.
- A bona fide psychological treatise, "[l]ong ignored, probably in part because of its pronounced sympathy for a soon to be discredited physiognomy, the Anthropologie is, nonetheless, a fascinating little book. Here Kant analyzes the nature of the cognitive powers, feelings of pleasure and displeasure, affects, passions, and character in the context of a denial of the possibility of an empirical science of conscious process. The Anthropologie went through two editions during Kant's lifetime and several later printings and helped to define the context within which not only Herbart and Fechner but phenomenologically oriented physiologists such as Purkyne, Weber, and Müller worked to establish the science of conscious phenomena that Kant was unable to envision" [Wozniak, page 35].
Warda 32; Adickes 38.
Warda #77.
Written as a defense of his 1781 Kritik with much of the content subsequently absorbed into the 1787 second edition.
Warda 141.
GM 154; Hunter & Macalpine p. 521. Octavo edition edited by John Michael Armbruster with changes to the order of some passages and a few redundant passages omitted.The foundation text for the enormously popular "science" of physiognomy (though the idea is expressed much earlier in della Porta's 1586 De humana physiognomonia) and an important book in medicine & psychiatry as well as in the development of English portraiture. The Swiss Lavater's lavishly illustrated physiognomical books helped make phrenological and later psychological interpretations of character seem reasonable. Lavater's work also exerted considerable influence on contemporary aesthetics and art.
Duveen & Klickstein 126. A key book in the history of modern chemistry and the foundation text for modern chemical nomenclature. "Originally suggested by Guyton de Morveau to eliminate the confused synonymy of chemistry, and prefaced by a memoir of Lavoisier, it emerged as a complete break with the past" [DSB VIII: 80]. "The work lists 55 known elements in a series of tables, introducing many new terms which have remained in standard use" [Norman Catalog 604].
Leland's last book. Virtually all of Leland's published writings were devoted to defending Christianity. Best known for his 1754 A View of the Principal Deistical Writers, his most comprehensive anti-deistic effort, Leland here "reduces the differnces dividing deists and divines to the question of the sufficiency of reason 'to answer all the purposes of religion and happiness'. He suggests that deists misconstrue the nature of natural religion, and he offers as a correction a view that is reminiscent of Locke [in The Reasonableness of Christianity]. . . . After developing this concept of natural religion, Leland goes on in the main text to offer historical evidence from the history of religions that suggests that this revised notion of natural religion is the truer one and that, therefore, reason and revelation, and natural and revealed religion, are not opposites but complements" [Dictionary of Eighteenth Century British Philosophers 2: 547].
Leland's principal work and still a valuable contribution to the history of English thought. Volume two is almost entirely devoted to observations on Hume's philosophical essays (pages 1-135) and to a defence of natural and revealed religion against the attempts made upon both in the posthumous works of Bolingbroke. A supplementary third volume including "Reflections upon Bolingbroke's Letters on the Study of History" appeared in 1756."[A]n invaluable contemporary resource of the literature of the deistical controversy in Britain, reviewing, often in great detail, the works of the most prominent deists, and providing brief summaries of the responses that these works evoked" [Dictionary of Eighteenth Century British Philosphers 2: 544]. Devotes chapters to Charles Blount, Thomas Chubb, Anthony Collins, Lord Herbert of Cherbury, Shaftesbury, Matthew Tindal, John Toland, and Thomas Woolston.
Revised STC 15458 (no entry for the 1565 first edition); Hunter & Macalpine (using the 1576 edition) p. 22; Wellcome I #3715 (no copies of the earlier editions). Best known in his own time for his influential books of secrets, Lemnius, who received his medical degree from Padua, studied with Vesalius and was friends with Dodoens and Gesner. He practiced in Zirichne, where he was born. All four English editions, of which this is the last, are rare, with OCLC listing none for the 1565 first edition, a handful for the 1576 second edition, 2 for the 1581, and ten for this fourth and last edtion. No copy of any of the English editions has appeared at auction since 1975."By complexion was meant the combination of 'qualities' such as hot and cold, moist and dry, and of the four humours in certain proportion which together made up a person's physical and mental temperament or habit; this in turn determined the diseases to which he was liable and the rules which preserved his health. This ancient pathophysiology was fully expounded by Lemnius … [In order to avoid forgetfulness, dotage, lack of right wits, doltishness, idiocy, and the like], Lemnius recommended shaving the beard as much as a matter almost of mental as physical hygiene, and on the same lines advanced the ancient method of treating diseases of the head and so also of the mind by shaving the head to allow the 'grosse vapours' offending the brain to 'fume oute.' Although even in his time many considered this practice a 'vayne or absurde fable' it continued in widespread use as a treatment of insanity for more than three centuries" [Hunter & Macalpine page 22].
First published in French as a letter to Bolingbroke in Recueil de divers écrites sur l'amour et l'amitié, la politesse, la volupté, les sentimens agréables, l'esprit et le coeur. According to Brunet, first published separately as a book in 1743 by Lévesque's brother, but we can find no record of it. Published in 1749 both in Geneva and Paris as Theorie des sentimens agreables, from which the present work was translated. Reprinted a number of times in both French and English, with an American edition appearing in Boston in 1812, and translated into German in 1751.A book that greatly influencd both Hume and Adam Smith. "Equally learned in science, mathematics, and literature, Lévesque de Pouilly had been one of the earliest interpreters of Newtonianism in France, later visiting England, where he became the friend of Sir Isaac himself. He was also the friend of Lord Bolingbroke, and in 1720, during that statesman's exile in France, had guided him through a course of study in philosophy. Bolingbroke's Substance of Some Letters, Written originally in French, about the Year 1720, to Mr. de Pouilly was not published, however, until 1754. For his part, Pouilly published in 1736 a letter, originally written to Bolingbroke, under the title Theorie des sentimens agréables. This aesthetic and ethical work in the tradition of Shaftesbury, Dubos, and Hutcheson would certainly have been agreeable to David Hume; and it is worth noting that the manuscript would have been in the final stages of completion at the time of Hume's stay in Rheims" [Mossner The Life of David Hume, p. 97].
First published October 1788. Linguet had published in #116 of his Annales a proposal for fiscal reform. The Paris parlement condemned his tract, which managed to upset just about all the powers that then were from the king on down to the capitalists and financiers. Enraged, Linguet then published this as his response, including in it a thinly veiled warning to the king that his next blunder would be to retreat into the arms of English-style aristocratic reactionaries. He argued that this would spell disaster for the monarchy, as it would alienate the Third Estate, driving them toe revolution.
Pamphlet published by Linguet at the beginning of the French Revolution. "[A] clever French barrister, historian, and journalist, [Linguet] threw himself into the midst of the political and philosophical controversies of his time, under the impulse of an innate and quarrelsome love of contradiction. Although he took good care to remain quiet during the Reign of Terror, he perished on the scaffold. Linguet assailed the physiocrats in his Réponse aux docteurs modernes .. avec la réfutations du système des philosophes économistes (London, 1771). In his pamphlet on bread and corn, Du pain et du blé, London, 1774, reprinted in 1789 under the title Du commerce des grains … he wages war against the consumption of bread, which he calls a slow poison. He also opposed the cultivation of potatoes, which might acquire the fearful qualities of corn" [Palgrave II: 609].
GM #4967. PMM #164; Wozniak Mind & Body #27 (all the first edition); Yolton 64; Oxford Companion to Philosophy, p. 62 ("associationism"); Brett History of Psychology, 2: 262-263 and Diamond Roots of Psychology 12.3 (both the 4th edition). The penultimate lifetime edition, the last lifetime edition issued with the frontis portrait, and—other than the first—the most important edition, for it is in this edition that Locke added the chapter on the association of ideas (Book II Chapter XXXIII), as well as a chapter on enthusiasm. Locke's chapter title—though not his actual discussion of the subject—is the origin of associationism, as elaborated much later by Hartley, Hume, James Mill, and Bain and, mistaken interpretation or not, is consensually regarded as the Ursprung of experimental psychology as opposed to merely speculative philosophical psychology.The foundation text for empirical psychology and the beginning of British empiricism. One of the great books in the history of thought. Of this 4th edition Diamond wrote: "Locke, who was too reasonable a man to be even a thoroughgoing empiricist …, was not at all an associationist. Association had no part in the original Essay, but in the fourth edition he added a chapter pointing to the chance 'connexion of ideas' (probably his rendering of 'liaison des idées,' which he would have met in Malebranche) as a major source of error in thinking. The more fortunate phrase, association of ideas, occurs only in the chapter title and is perhaps derived from the word consociatione which Molyneux used in the Latin edition which was being prepared simultaneously and for which the chapter was indeed written. In time, however, this phrase became so rivetted to Locke's name that the later associationists came to look upon him as their founder" [Diamond p. 281].
GM #4967. PMM #164; Wozniak Mind & Body #27 (all the first edition); Yolton 65. The last lifetime edition.The foundation text for empirical psychology and the beginning of British empiricism. One of the great books in the history of thought.
WIng L2749; Attig 440. Locke's reply to Bishop Stillingfleets' attack in the latter's 1696 Discourse in Vindication of the Doctrine of the Trinity, penned by Stillingfleet after reading a pamphlet, based on Locke's Essay, by the Irish pantheist John Toland that argued there was nothing mysterious in Christianity.
Yolton page 348. Arranged for publication by his literary executors Anthony Collins and Peter King.
Yolton #368.
GM 2nd ed. #4194; Norman Catalog 1391; Hunter & Macalpine p. 736; Zilboorg p. 302. The standard late 18th century description of melancholy.Section 2: Books Printed Before 1800 (M-Z)"Lorry showed how one could make use of the mind's influence on the body in curing melancholias. He differentiated melancholia nervosa from melancholia humoralis, and described a type of melancholia 'complicated with mania, which is indicated by a partial delirium, attended by exaltation of the imagination, or an exciting passion' (Esquirol, des maladies mentales, quoted in Hunter and Macalpine)" [Norman Catalog]. Lorry is most famous for founding French dermatology, with his 1777 Tractatus e morbis cutaneis being both the first modern textbook on the subject and the last major dermatological work written in Latin.
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