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"Abercrombie added in 1830 another factor to our [psychosomatic] understanding: the same event might have different outcomes—the precipitating event interacted with the constitution and personality of the patient" [Herbert Weiner's "The Concept of Psychosomatic Medicine", p. 495 In Wallace and Gach's History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology (Springer 2008)].Hunter & Macalpine pp. 801-804: "… Abercrombie attempted to do for the psychological aspects of mental science what he had done for the physical appearances of nervous diseases." Parts II & III are predominantly psychological, dealing with sensation & perception, consciousness, & reflection, the credibility of testimony, memory, imagination, reason, dreams, insanity, & delusions. In Part IV he applies his inductive principles to medical science.
The third book in English on suicide, after Sym's 1637 Lifes Preservative Against Self-Killing and John Donne's 1647 Biothanatos, which Adams critically discusses. Adams already complained of the "General Supposition that every one who kills himself is non Compos, and that nobody wou'd do such an Action unless he were Distracted." Contains lengthy discussions of views about suicide in antiquity.
Contains John Barlow's "On Man's Power over Himself to Prevent or Control Insanity"; Brigham's "Sleep, its Importance in Preventing Insanity," "Schools in Lunatic Asylums," "Influence of the Weather upon the Disposition and the Mental Faculties," and "Second Annual Fair at the N. Y. State Lunatic Asylum"; Samuel B. Woodward's "Homicidal Impulse"; L. Blaquiere's "The Anterior Lobe of the Brain Traversed by a Bullet, without Lesion of the Intellectual Faculties" [translated from the French by Pliny Earle]; Ezekiel Bacon's "The Poetical Temperament and Faculty."
Issue almost entirely devoted to Isaac Ray's "Observations on the Principal Hospitals for the Insane in Great Britain, France and Germany."
Contains T. Hun's "Thoughts on the Relation of Physiology to Psychology"; E. Daniell's "On Impulsive Insanity"; Review of the Life and Trial of Abner Baker, Jr., for Murder; Pliny Earle's "Contributions to the Pathology of Insanity"; A Rabello's "Homicidal Insanity"; W. Wragg's "Remarkable Case of Mental Alienation"; Case of Monomania arising out of the Trial of Madame Lafarge; Celebration of the Birth-day of Pinel, at the New York State Lunatic Asylum, Utica; report of the association's 2nd meeting.
Contains "Case of Destitution of Moral Feelings, With Singular Physical Peculiarities" by Eliza W. Farnham, Matron of the Mount Pleasant State Prison, Sing Sing, N.Y." which describes attempts to restrain an 18 year old black girl convicted of arson and sentenced to a 2½ year prison term; Brigham's "Madness; or the Maniac's Hall; a Poem in Seven Cantos"; Aubanel's "Medico-Legal Remaks upon a Case of Homicidal Insanity"; "Joan of Arc, from Calmeil" translated by M. M. Bagg of Utica; John Connolly's "Imbecility of Mind Supervening in Young People" [from the London Lancet]; "Case of Intermittent Mental Disorder"; "Case of Mental Excitement allayed by Music"; "The History of Hypochondriacs" [from Crighton's Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Mental Derangement; "Fanatical Insanity" [from Arnold's Observations on Insanity].
Contains Brigham's "The Moral Treatment of Insanity"; Baillarger's "Remarks upon Monomania"; "Case of Alleged Lunacy, communicated by Amos Dean"; J. Stanton Gould's "Report on Capital Punishment"; John Stanford's "Sermon Preached to the Insane in 1819"; "Paralysis Peculiar to the Insane"; J. O. Pemberton's "Case of Recovery from Mania"; Crime and Insanity, Medical Witnesse, etc."
Contains Brigham's "Fright a Frequent Cause of Insanity, and Sometimes a Cure"; "Illustrations of Insanity Furnished by the Letters and Writings of the Insane"; report of the murder trial of John Johnson in Binghamton, NY; Kirkbride's "Description of the Pleasure Grounds and Farm of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane".
Contains "Selections and Cases from Late Reports of Lunatic Asylums"; "Schools and Asylums for the Idiotic and Imbecile: Hospital for Infant Cretins"; "Swedenborg on Insanity"; "Insanity in Connection with Great Mental Powers: Mental Derangement of Sir Isaac Newton, Charles Lamb, and his Sister, Mary Lamb"; Isaac Ray's "A Contract sought to be avoided on the Ground of Insanity."
In addition to a first person account of depression occasioned by a head injury, contains, all by the editor, Amariah Brigham, "Insanity of Dean Swift, and his Hospital for the Insane"; "Memoir of Mrs. Elizabeth Fry, - Her Care and Labors for the Insane"; "Incendiary Monomania - Pyromania"; Witchcraft and Insanity"; "Mount Hope Institution and the American Journal of Insanity".l for the Insane".
Hunter & Macalpine pp. 467-71; GM-5 #4920 (first edition: "Best historical account to the time." The first psychiatric textbook and the first multi-volume psychiatric work.Arnold proposed a new psychiatric nosology while his attention to clinical detail set a new standard for psychiatric scholarship. A famous provincial psychiarist, Arnold "owned a large private madhouse — judging from the number of patients admitted the third largest in the country — and acted as psychiatric consultant for a wide area" [Hunter & Macalpine, p. 467].
Hunter & Macalpine pp. 467-71; GM-5 #4920 (first edition: "Best historical account to the time."
Semelaigne 1932 I, 244; Hunter & Macalpine, pp. 779-80.
One of the key books of the early modern period of neuropsychiatric investigation. "Bayle (1822 and 1826) and Calmeil (1826) described chronic inflamation of the arachnoid in the brains of many chronically demented patients. Their work led to recognition of the nosological category of general paralysis of the insane — a clinical syndrome that, with its demonstrated pathological process, soon became the paradigmatic model for mental disease" [John Gach, "Biological Psychiatry in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries" in Edwin Wallace and John Gach, eds. History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology (Springer, 2007)]. Bayle first correlated the symptoms of physical paralysis and progressive dementia in his 1822 thesis Recherches sur l'arachnitis chronique. The present work is the classic description (GPI came to be called "la maladie de Bayle").
A scarce early book on alcoholism, only about a generation after its classification as a medical disease. Blake was physician to the Nottingham and Nottinghamshire General Lunatic Asylum.
Wellcome II, p. 216; OCLC records only two copies: Countway & Wellcome. Though this is very late, given Boursier's date of death, we can find no record of an earlier edition.An erudite French Jansenist abbé, theologian, and member of faculty of the Sorbonne, Boursier is best known for his 1713 book De l'action de Dieu sur les créatures, ou de la prémotion physique. In his 1715 final book, Réflexions sur la prémotion physique, Malebranche responded to Boursier's claim in his De l'action de Dieu that occasionalism leads naturally to the Thomistic position that God determines our action by means of a physical premotion.
Wellcome II, p. 216. "The clinical study of movement disorders or involuntary movements began in the Middle Ages with the descriptions of the dancing mania. This had often been associated with infectious epidemics or had occurred in forms of group hysteria. The first definite clinical entity, St. Vitus Dance or chorea minor was described by Sydenham (1686). Other descriptions of chorea minor appeared in the Eighteenth Century writings of Richard Mead (1751) and William Cullen (1778-1784). The first separate treatise on chorea was by E. M. Bouteille (1810)" [McHenry, Garrison's History of Neurology, p. 406].
GM #4993; Wozniak Mind & Body #21; Crabtree 465; Norman Catalog 324; Hunter & Macalpine pp. 906-910. One of the hundred most influential books in the history of psychiatry and the "first full-length scientific treatise on what is now known as hypnotism. When he published Neurypnology, Braid did not yet have a full understanding of the psychological processes involved in hypnosis, believing that hypnotic phenomena were produced by functional changes in the nervous, muscular, circulatory and respiratory systems. However, he did recognize, as the Abbé Faria and Bertrand had before him, that hypnosis was a subjective phenomenon, dependent entirely on the state of mind of the hypnotized and not on any mystical fluid or occult magical power wielded by the hypnotizer" [Norman Catalog #324].Though Braid first discussed his theory of the cause of mesmeric phenomena in his 12-page 1842 pamphlet Satanic Agency and Mesmerism Revealed, of which only two copies are known to exist, it was in his Neurypnology that he first treated the subject at length and "in which he further elaborated his new terminology and shortened the central term 'neuro-hypnotism' (nervous sleep) to 'hypnotism'" [Adam Crabtree, "The Transition to Secular Psychotherapy: Hypnosis and the Alternate Consciousness Paradigm," p. 570, IN History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology ed. by Edwin Wallace IV & John Gach (Springer 2008)].
The first American neurology book, in which Brigham "discussed the structure and function of the brain, medulla, spinal cord, and cranial nerves. Although most of the clinical portions of the book deal with mental diseases, he did discuss inflammation of the brain, apoplexy, epilepsy, tinnitus, chorea, delirium tremens, and tic douloureux" DeJong History of American Neurology, p. 8.One of the 13 founders of the group that became the American Psychiatric Association, Brighham superintended the State Lunatic Asylum at Utica, the first such institution in NY, and founded the American Journal of Insanity, the first English-language psychiatric journal.
Wozniak Mind & Body #50; Atwater Catalog #409. There were three American editions (1832, 1833, & 1845) and seven British editions between 1836 and 1844."At the time, fear was growing that the human nervous system was ill-adapted to cope with the increasing complexity of 'modern' life and that, as a result, insanity was on the increase. Brigham's work was the first published contribution to mental hygiene compiled for popular consumption. Written to stem the 'growing tide of insanity,' it provided the average reader with advice on the proper education of children, the importance of physical health, the dangers of excess mental excitement, and the need for improved education of women. For the first time, the importance of maintaining mental health became part of the American cultural ideal" [Wozniak, p. 49].
Cited in McHenry's list of Classical, Original, and Standard Works in Neurology (p.478); Heirs of Hippocrates 1217; Semelaigne I, p. 140; DSB II:507-509. Very much a psychological book, written after Broussais had become a champion of Gall's phrenological ideas. Divided into two parts, the first devoted to irritation considered with respect to health & disease; the second to an application of Broussais' "physiological doctrine" to madness. The first part (pages 1-329) is almost entirely devoted to a discussion of the sympathetic nervous system as it relates to instinct and the intellectual faculties. Published in an English translation with notes by Thomas Cooper in Columbia, South Carolina in 1831.The extension of Broussais's gastro-intestinal theory of disease to insanity, an expanded second edition of which appeared in 1839. His theory that all disease depended on irritation of local organs, a modified form of Brunonism, was very influential in its time. This is the major extension of his ideas to psychiatry.
Written as a follow-up to his 1825 treatise on physiology as applied to pathology, these commentaries contain discussions of insanity, neuroses, neuropathy, idiocy, etc.. A French physician born at Saint-Malo, Broussais was appointed professor of general pathology at the University of Paris in 1821. An acrimonious opponent to Pinel's work, he believed that gastro-intestinal irritation was the cause of most diseases, including insanity.
Crabtree 436; Caillet 1801; Tinterow Catalog p. 33; Norman Catalog M56.
"The most complete history of animal magnetism in France published up to its time. It reproduced numerous important documents in the history of mesmerism, including the four reports of 1784, the favorable report issued by another investigatory committee in 1826, and the hostile reports published in 1837 by two commissions appointed to investigate the paranormal powers associated with somnambulism. Burdin and dubois d'Amiens favored the official view that mesmerism's effects were due solely to the imagination" [Norman Catalog].
An interesting though entirely neglected optimistic argument for moral treatment, although the author favored the use of mechanical restraint, thought mental disease due to an abnormal condition of the blood, and advocated bleeding, purgatives, sedatives, tonics, and diuretics for treatment. In his preface Burnett argues for new legislation to increase the power of physicians in handling the insane.
Hunter & Macalpine pp. 777-783.
Regarded at the time as the most elaborate and complete treatise in English on insanity. Hunter & Macalpine praise Burrows for recognizing in the work of Bayle and Calmeil the description of a truly new clinical disease in which paralysis is cause rather than effect of insanity.
Hunter & Macalpine p. 778; Wellcome II, p. 277. A physician whose practice was entirely devoted to the treatment of the insane, Burrows owned a private asylum in Clapham. His main arguments here, buttressed by the statistical data he collected, are that insanity is inherently as curable as any other medical disease and that its prevalence is not increasing, though the absolute numbers make it appear so. Separate chapters are devoted to the condition of the epileptic, fatuous, and idiotic; to whether religion is a cause or effect of insanity; on the efficacy of religious instruction; and suggestions relating to the regulation of asylums. Translated into German in 1822.A seminal work of great demographic and statistical interest in which Burrows attempted by country-wide survey to determine whether insanity was curable and whether its incidence was increasing. Probably the pioneer application of statistics to psychiatry — it wasn't until Thurnam's 1845 book that an entire book was devoted to psychiatric statistics.
Wozniak Mind and Body #7. Diamond Roots of Psychology #2.6, 8.12, 10.3, 15.11. DSB 3: 1-3; Welcome II, 283 (1824 4th edition only); Edwards, Dictionary of Philosophy 2:3-4. Zusne Names in the History of Psychology #80.One of the foundation texts for physiological psychology, the Rapports first appeared as articles in the Mémoire de l'Institut National from 1798-1801, then as a separate two volume book in 1802. Cabanis' most important work, in which he attempts to explain mental phenomena wholly in terms of physiological states, helped lay the materialist-monist foundation for later 19th century medicine and experimental psychology. Though neither a materialist nor an atheist, Cabanis, who had been trained as a physician and wrote several medical works, helped spread the radical naturalism inaugurated by La Mettrie in the 1740s. It was here that Cabanis famously wrote that "the brain digests impressions and organically excretes thought."
Norman Catalog 391; Waller II, 12861a; Semelaigne I, pp. 226-233; Zilboorg p. 94; Hunter & Macalpine p. 441; Hirsch I, p. 806; Caillet 1960; Leibbrand pp. 443-44.
- One of the earliest books explicitly on the history of psychiatry. Written during a time when there was keen interest in France in hallucinations and illusions, Calmeil's book, which recounts the history of psychiatry from the 15th to the 19th centuries, attempts to explain on rational grounds (and devotes hundreds of pages to discussing) demonology, lycanthropy, religious possession, and kindred abnormal states. One of the Ur-texts for the historiography of psychiatry.
- Esquirol's pupil and successor as head physician at Charenton, Calmeil, along with Bayle, had earlier established general paresis as the first separately identified neuropsychiatric disease entity (which Calmeil named general paralysis of the insane in his 1826 book De la paralysie).
Zilboorg (1942) p. 529; GM #4109.
Along with Bayle, Calmeil established general paresis as the first separately identified neuropsychiatric disease entity (which Calmeil named general paralysis of the insane in this book).
15 line letter with excellent content relating to mental illness. An English judge, Chambre was baron of the exchequer in 1799 and justice of the common pleas from 1800 to 1815. He writes: "I learn from Mr. George Wintour that he has been with you & Mr. Abbot this morning & that some doubt had arisen about the choice of a proper place of confinement for his brother if he shd come to town (as I have no doubt he will) in a state of mind too much deranged fro him to be left to himself. I cod not while he was with me recollect the name of a person, I believe of great credit for the care of insane persons. I have since recollected it to be Warburton at Hoxton, & whose house was I believe still visited by Doctor Willis. I trouble you with this acct. as I understand Mr. G. W. will see you tomorrow.
Freeman 1979 p. 64, cited as one of the 100 classic works on aging. A second edition appeared in 1725; Blake p. 86; Heirs of Hippocrates 761; Osler 2303 (2nd edition); Wellcome II p. 338; Cushing C211. A forerunner to his 1733 English Malady, this was even more popular, going into 10 editions by 1787. Suffering from both depression and obesity, Cheyne spent decades both working out dietary self-cures and (quite successfully) peddling them to the fashionable set. Much of his advice, couched of course in 18th century medical terms, is actually by 21st century standards quite reasonable, This then probably counts as the first bestselling diet book in English.
Freeman 1979 p. 64, cited as one of the 100 classic works on aging. Blake p. 86; Heirs of Hippocrates 761; Osler 2303 (2nd edition); Wellcome II p. 338; Cushing C211. A forerunner to his 1733 English Malady, this was even more popular, going into 10 editions by mid-century. Suffering from both depression and obesity, Cheyne spent decades both working out dietary self-cures and (quite successfully) peddling them to the fashionable set. Much of his advice, couched of course in 18th century medical terms, is actually by 21st century standards quite reasonable, This then probably counts as the first bestselling diet book in English.
Norman Catalog 475; GM 4921; Waller 1954; Blake p. 87; McHenry Garrison's History of Neurology, pp. 130 & 131; Gilman Seeing the Insane p. 153; Heirs of Hippocrates 1641 (1795 German translation); not in Wellcome, Osler, or Cushing; 3 copies located in North America: NLM, Yale, and Bancroft. Probably the rarest important modern psychiatric book—and offered here in as nice a copy as one could wish to find. In the introduction to the catalog of his extraordinary collection of the history of medicine & science, Haskell Norman wrote, "Chiarugi's book is so rare that I have heard of only two other sets changing hands in almost forty years. Legend has it that most copies were lost in a flood of the river Arno."
- Chiarugi was medical director of the Bonifacio Asylum at Florence from 1788, where he abolished all severe forms of restraint, antedating by a number of years Pinel's reforms at the Bicêtre. The Dalla pazzia — his best known work — was one of the first attempts at a systematic classification of the psychoses and also gave the first extensive description of his methods of humane treatment (which were first briefly described in the section he added to the 1789 Regolamento dei Regi Spedali di Santa Maria Nuova e di Bonifazio.
- "Chiarugi's reformed system of treatment of the mentally ill was given full expression in his Della pazzia, in which he classified insanity into melancholia, mania and dementia, and gave a system of diagnosis and treatment for each. The work also presents Chiarugi's observations on hundreds of cases (many of them supported by autopsies)… Chiarugi's work has traditionally been regarded as one of the greatest rarities in the history of psychiatry" [Norman Catalog].
- "Vincenzo Chiarugi's Medical Treatise of Insanity, with one hundred observations (1793-1794) contains two plates depicting the insane. One is a study of brain structure; the other, a representation of two methods of restraint. This illustration is of particular historical significance because it is the first to show the 'English camisole' or straightjacket (Figure 4 [of the first folding plate]). Figure 1 depicts the maniac's bed with details of how its restraints operated. … [T]he major difference between Picart's [1735 engraving] and Chiarugi's images is the total absence of violence in the later illustration and thus a heightened sense of passive acceptance of treatment or restraint. The restraints portrayed by Chiarugi were intended to control the most violent patients, yet the image of the insane as a wild beast is not present. … By the end of the century [the view of madmen as completely out of control] was being modified to conform to the perception of the etiology of insanity as what Chiarugi called 'an impairment of the physical structure of the sensorium commune' [Gilman p. 153].
- "The earliest illustrations of the pathological lesions in the brain are shown in the works of Chiarugi (1794). Although the specimen of the brain shown cannot be clearly defined, the cortical gray ribbon and white matter can be seen along with what is probably the temporal horn of the lateral ventricular. A large mass, probably a neoplasm, is attached to the specimen" [McHenry p. 131, illustrating figure 4 from the second folding plate].
Sadoff Catalog p. 31. Collins was a Baltimore physician who in 1839 chaired a select committee to report on the condition of the Maryland Hospital. Contains chapters on Dickens, Charles Lamb, Bacon, the section on insanity from the Select Committee's report and the accompanying speech on insanity to the Maryland House of Delegates.
Much scarcer than Spurzheim's similar treatise. An important contribution to psychiatric thought. Combe conceived of mental illness as a 'functional derangement' of the brain. Mid 19th century American & British psychiatry was much influenced by phrenology. Phrenological concepts, "although by no means a psychopathology in the modern sense … provided the physician with a stimulus and a framework to study patients' minds, their faculties, emotions and propensities, in short their psychological make-up and situation of which the charting of bumps on the head was only an arabesque" (Hunter & Macalpine, p. 813).
An expansion of seven lectures first published in The Lancet from July 4 to October 3, 1846 in 18 issues. Mentioned (with less elaboration than one would expect—did they possibly not yet own a copy of this always scarce book?) by Hunter & Macalpine on page 1033. Imbued throughout with his ideas about non-restraint—the full elaboration of which in his 1856 book would make him world famous—, Conolly's book melds architectural design with notions of patient care: "The recovery of the curable, the improvement of the incurable, the comfort and happiness of all the patients, should therefore steadily be kept in view by the architect from the moment in which he commences his plan; and should be the no less constant guide of the governing bodies of asylums in every law and regulation which they make, and every resolution to which they come" (pp. 1-2).Conolly's second book and the first British book on the subject, preceded by the even rarer 1841 translation from the German of Jacobi's On the Construction and Government of Hospitals for the Insane. "In some respects his most important contribution to psychiatry" [Leigh p. 240].
Norman Catalog 503; Heirs of Hippocrates 1511; Wellcome II, p. 382; Hunter & Macalpine, pp. 805-809.Conolly's first book (other than his doctoral dissertation of 1821). Published twenty-six years before his epochal book on non-restraint and nine years before his official psychiatric career began with his appointment as superintendent of the Middlesex County Lunatic Asylum at Hanwell, this is the first attempt to link normal and abnormal states of mind, the first book (possibly excepting Batty) to suggest that asylums become clinical schools to familiarize physicians with mental disorders, the first proposal for a mental health service based on local mental hospitals. Leigh noted in his Historical Development of British Psychiatry that "as the second part of the title shows, even at this time Conolly's mind was preoccupied with the ideas which, years later, were to make him famous" (p. 231).
Hunter & Macalpine pp. 923-30: "… this first Report of the Metropolitan Commissioners with their newly extended powers may fitly be called in the words of Shaftesbury's biographer Edwin Hodder (1886) 'the Doomsday Book of all that, up to that time, concerned Institutions for the Insane'. This 'very interesting and elaborate report' wrote Sir William Charles Hood … 'presents us with a full exposition of the state of lunacy in England and Wales at this period'.
Brittain p. 40; Sadoff Catalog p. 32; Norman Catalog #515. The tracts include abridged versions of various works, including Thomas Erskine's speech for James Hadfield, the madman who had attempted to assassinate Georeg III in May 1800; Hadfield's trial resulted in an unusual decision for that time concerning criminal responsibility, as he was found not guilty by reason of insanity. Thomas Cooper, the editor of the Tracts, was responsible for establishing the first medical school in South Carolina.The first American book on forensic medicine, included in which is the first American printing of Haslam's important Treatise on Insanity (1st published London, 1810). Cooper contributed an extensive appendix and a paper on the law relating to insanity. His efforts for the insane achieved practical results with the establishment in South Carolina of a state hospital for the insane.
The first book on insanity by a surgeon to Bethlem Hospital and the first of a number of early 19th century books on the dissection of the brains of the insane. Crowther's negative conclusion "that the intellectual faculties do suffer derangement, under circumstances not connected with bodily disorder" encouraged physicians like those at the York Retreat who were pioneering moral as opposed to medical treatment. Includes one of the earliest follow-up studies of psychiatric patients, in which he found that patients whose stay at Bethlem had been complicated by small pox did not recover in larger numbers than those who had not contracted small pox. See Hunter & Macalpine, pp. 658-661.
OCLC records only the Univ of Mich & St. Charles Borromeo Seminary with copies of this edition. An early psychosocial study based on thousands of interactions with his patients. A native of Châlon-sur-Saône, Descuret studied & practiced medicine in Paris, and later in Châtillon-d'Azergues.
One of the thirteen founding members of the Association of American Superintendents for Institutions of the Insane (which became the American Psychiatric Association), Earle was at the time superintendent of the Bloomingdale asylum.
Memoirs read at the Institute, October 1st, 1832. First published in Annales d'hygiène et de médecine légale. "Esquirol [was the first to distinguish] illusions from hallucinations by defining the first as purely mental (i.e., not excited by an external object), and the second as deranged interpretation of actual sensations" [Norman Catalog #721].
Norman Catalog #725 & #726; GM 4929; Heirs of Hippocrates 1268.
GM 4929. The first modern textbook of psychiatry and the model for all later psychiatric texts. Esquirol emphasized the importance of observation and good record-keeping; deprecated superstition and speculation; distinguished hallucinations from illusions, associating only the former with mental illness; and emphasized the role of environmental and age factors as precipitants of mental disease. Pinel's successor at Salpêtriere, Esquirol was among the first to insist that the criminally insane should be treated as suffering from a disease.
GM 4929. The first modern textbook of psychiatry and the model for all later psychiatric texts. Esquirol emphasized the importance of observation and good record-keeping; deprecated superstition and speculation; distinguished hallucinations from illusions, associating only the former with mental illness; and emphasized the role of environmental and age factors as precipitants of mental disease. Pinel's successor at Salpêtriere, Esquirol was among the first to insist that the criminally insane should be treated as suffering from a disease. Though published without the nosological plates which appear in the 1838 French edition, the English translation is much rarer.
Hunter & Macalpine p. 507 (reproducing the title-page); Wellcome III, p. 7; Blake p. 142; not in Waller (though the 1789 German translation is). The first psychiatric prize essay, awarded in 1787 the Medical Society of London's first first Fothergillian Medal. A third edition appeared in 1796.A physician of Chester & Bath, Falconer published numerous medical books ranging from an essay on the Bath waters, through books on nephritis, fevers, gout, and the influence of climate. The present work was translated the same year into French and the next year into German.
STC 10829; Wellcome I 2219; Hunter & Macalpine p. 118; Semelaigne Les pionniers de la psychiatrie française I, 47-49; Jackson Melancholia and Depression From Hippocratic to Modern Times, pp. 359-360; George Mora, "Renaissance Conceptions and Treatments of Madness", p. 247 IN Wallace & Gach's History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology (Springer, 2008); Zilboorg A History of Medical Psychology, pp. 269-270. First French edition published 1612 in Toulouse as Traité de l'essence et guérison de l'amour; 2nd edition Paris 1623 as De la maladie d'amour ou mélancholie érotique. An Oxford scholar and musician, the translator, Edmund Chilmead (1610-1654), was appointed canon of Christ Church in 1632. Expelled in the 1640s, he moved to London and subsequently made his living as a translator, most notably of Campanella's Discourse Touching the Spanish Monarchy.
- An important book in the history of psychiatry and the first use in English of the term "erotomania," which was not in the title of either French edition. Ferrand practiced medicine in the French town of Agen. In 1604 he treated a "young Schollar of that city, who was desperatly gone in love." The young man "could neither enjoy his sleep nor take delight in anything in the world." The entry of a young serving-maid into the room turned out to be "the meanes of discovering the true ground of his Disease. For she coming in at the instant I was feeling his pulse, I perceaved it suddenly vary its motion, and beat very unequally; he presently grew pale, and Blushed againe in a moment, and could hardly speake. At the last seeing himselfe as it were taken tardy, he plainely confest the true Cause of this, his distemper …" [spelling & capitalization as in the original]. Described on pages 117-119, this is the first recorded case of a patient gaining insight through medical treatment.
- Writing with Galen's humoral categories in mind, Ferrand frequently appeals to classical authorities. Nonetheless, his own observations do have a way of creeping into his text. Ferrand applies the clinical method to medical afflictions produced by intense love, insisting on the importance of what we today call "insight." Though it seems obvious now, somebody had to do it first. Includes chapters on astrology; external & internal symptoms; various medical & pharmaceutical remedies for love melancholy; the diagnostic use of physiognomy & chiromancy, and of dream interpretation; "Whether Love-Melancholy be an Hereditary Disease;" "Whether or no, a Physitian may by his Art find out Love, without Confession of the Patient;" and "Of Melancholy, and its several Kinds." Stanley Jackson suggests in his discussion of Ferrand's book that the use of the term "erotomania" in contexts dealing with love-melancholy may stem from Chilmead's use of the term in the title of his translation. Though some scholars have suggested that Robert Burton significantly drew on Ferrand for his extensive discussion of "Love-Melancholy," Jackson thinks it likelier that both authors used the same sources. Burton did, however, own the 1623 French edition.
GM-5 4929.1; Norman Catalog 793. The first book published in Austria dealing with medical psychology and psychopathology.A key book in the history of psychiatry "which not only introduced into psychiatry a new standard and a new methodology, but also a number of terms which came to stay" [Hunter & Macalpine p. 952]. The terms 'psychosis', 'psychopathology' and 'psychiatric practitioner' [ie, 'psychiatrist'] all were given their modern meanings in Feuchtersleben's book and subsequently diffused through the psychiatric literature.The "founder of psychosomatic medicine as a systematic discipline…(Feuchtersleben) gave articulate expression to the principle that man is a psychophysical totality". (Roback. (1961), p. 282). Straddling the split in psychiatry between physiology and psychology, Feuchtersleben both championed the use of psychotherapy with the mentally diseased (a method he called "second education") and insisted that psychosis always entailed disturbed physical function.
Meynell The Two Sydenham Societies, p. 31; Norman Catalog 793; GM 4929.1 (1st German edition); Hunter & Macalpine, p. 952; Sadoff Catalog p. 37. The first book published in Austria dealing with medical psychology and psychopathology, which "introduced the terms psychosis, psychiatrics, and psychopathology." [GM].A key book in the history of psychiatry "which not only introduced into psychiatry a new standard and a new methodology, but also a number of terms which came to stay" [Hunter & Macalpine p. 952]. The terms 'psychosis', 'psychopathology' and 'psychiatric practitioner' [ie, 'psychiatrist'] all were given their modern meanings in Feuchtersleben's book and subsequently diffused through the psychiatric literature. The "founder of psychosomatic medicine as a systematic discipline … (Feuchtersleben) gave articulate expression to the principle that man is a psychophysical totality". (Roback. (1961), p. 282). Straddling the split in psychiatry between physiology and psychology, Feuchtersleben both championed the use of psychotherapy with the mentally diseased (a method he called "second education") and insisted that psychosis always entailed disturbed physical function.
Medical dissertation taken under Friedrich Hoffmann.
Not in Wellcome III; OCLC locates 8 copies, only 3 in the USA: NLM, Brown Univ, and (of all places!) Long Beach Public Library. A surprisingly uncommon book, considering Friedreich's importance. Though it covers all the customary topics for a forensic medical text of the time, the book is, as the title suggests, very much tilted towards psychological and psychiatric issues, with chapters on the memtal states of persons; psychological judgment; physical & mental disease, damage to the body & poisoning; suicide and the connection between suicide & murder.Friedreich was a pioneer German biological psychiatrist who believed that all mental disorders were caused by somatic conditions and were the end product of a chain of events. He stressed the importance of family history of the patient and devised one of the earliest systematic methods of exploring and examining psychiatric patients. He also made contributions to forensic medicine and forensic psychiatry. For a good brief discussion of him see Otto Marx's "German Romantic Psychiatry: Part I. Earlier," pp. 327-328 IN Wallace & Gach History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology.
An important German "somaticist" and a leading opponent of Heinroth, Friedreich was appointed professor of medicine at Würzburg at the age of 24. For a good brief discussion of him see Otto Marx's "German Romantic Psychiatry: Part I," pp. 327-329 in Wallace & Gach's History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology (Springer, 2008).The first history of psychiatry and the first comprehensive bibliography of important texts in the history of psychiatry.
Alvarez, page 340: "A man who probably went into a brief manic spell and wanted to spend all his savings on an insane speculation was committed by his friends. He maintained he was never insane."
Hirsch II p. 646; Callisen VII, p. 409; OCLC records 6 copies: the Bavarian State Library, University of Munich Nervenklinik, Cambridge Univ; 3 in the USA: NLM; Harvard Law Library; Univ of Chicago. From 1825 on Greiner was chief physician for the dukedom of Sachsen-Altenburg. He wrote a number of medical books for a lay audience, of which this is one.The first part (pages 5-160) deals with dreams, with discussions of the nervous system, sleep and wakefulness (with a long discussion of animal magnetism), the meaning of dreams, speech in dreams, images in dreams, dreams as an activity expressing the mind's feeling-state. The second part (pages 161-264) deals with fever-induced delirum, especially in relation to dreaming.
Hirsch III:69. The only psychological book by this significant medical Naturphilosoph, who from 1811 was professor of medicine in the University of Vienna. Translated into Dutch and Italian.
First edition published 1798 as Observations on Insanity.
Haslam's greatest book dominated English psychiatry for a generation and was frequently cited by Pinel. An uncommonly clear writer, Haslam begins by exploring the etymology of the term 'madness' and attempting to define it, describes the symptoms (he held that melancholia and mania were two aspects of a single disease), describes in remarkably limpid prose 37 illustrative cases, details 3 cases of insane children, considers the causes of insanity, considers prognosis, management (defending restraint) and therapy (he favored blistering the legs instead of the head. GM 4794 (citing the 1st ed.); Hunter & Macalpine pp. 632-39; Leigh, pp. 94-147. Haslam himself regarded the second edition much more important than the first.
Haslam's only contribution to normal and developmental psychology with chapters on perception, memory, speech & the hand, language, will, cognition, reason, and instinct. As always with Haslam, very well-written.
Published the same year as his textbook of mental hygiene and four years after his first important book, his 1818 textbook of mental diseases. Much influenced by Schelling's Naturphilosophie, Heinroth here tried "to overcome the opposition between nature and spirit by postulating a predetermined harmony between the world of the ideal and the world of the real and, eventually, a mystic identity of nature and spirit which manifests itself through a progressive differentiation from the indistinct world of the unconscious to clear self-consiousness" [George Mora's introduction to the English translation of his Textbook of Mental Disturbances, p xii].
Probably Heinroth's most important book after his 1818 textbook of mental diseases and his major contribution to forensic psychiatry.Heinroth developed a strongly theistic psychiatry in which he believed mental health could be learned through right conduct and that moral factors were important in the development of mental disorders. Though he had touched on forensic psychiatric issues in his 1818 textbook, he here developed his ideas systematically. "Heinroth's central concept is the person. Mental disturbances affect the person as a psychological unit, and it is as a free person that the individual functions in society. In forensic decisions, psychiatry and law join forces, for both are concerned with the question of whether a free agent chose to commit a criminal act. … One of Heinroth's main purposes was to establish meaningful limits to the insanity defense. He especially opposed the dominant trend in forensic psychiatry, which defined all reprehensible or criminal acts as the product of psychopathology.86 Heinroth recognized that punishment had not been an effective deterrent and he separated guilt from punishment,87 recommending that the mentally ill who are found guilty should not be punished. If the person found not guilty by reason of insanity later recovered, he should not be punished then, since mental illness was punishment enough" [Otto Marx, "German Romantic Psychiatry Part I" in Wallace & Gach, History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Springer, 2008].
OLCL records only 6 copies: NY Public; Harvard; NLM; Cambridge; Univ of Chicago & Pennsylvania.
Heinroth was one of the first to conceive of psychiatry as a separate discipline with its own specialized techniques and field of knowledge. This is the first of six books, all derived from the conceptual apparatus of Hegel's Logik, in which he developed his concept of subjectivity. In this book Heinroth argued that "truth has to do both with the subjective mind, whose states are sensory perception, intellect and reason, and with objectivity, whose existence truth tries to explain … [while] in his book on the lie [1834, the last of the six] there is no longer a subjectivity set over an objectivity: objectivity is entirely taken up in subjectivity — albeit a totally corrupt one" [p. 380 in Cauwenbergh, "J. Chr. A. Heinroth (1773-1843) a Psychiatrist of the German Romantic Era," Hist. of Psychiatry 2: 365-383].
Sadoff catalog p. 44; Rieber catalog #205 (2nd ed.); Wellcome III, p. 261; Hunter & Macalpine pp. 760-63.Applying the realist views of Thomas Brown, "Hibbert concluded that whatever their exciting cause, apparitions, that is illusions and hallucinations, resulted from the recall of forgotten memories which being emotionally charged attained a vividness exceeding that of external sensory impressions. No feelings or ideas he maintained, were ever lost even if forgotten and could be revived into consciousness by an appropriate stimulus. … It is surprising to find so early in nineteenth century psychiatry this basic assumption of an unconscious and its relation to conscious mind" [Hunter & Macalpine].
Hirsch III: 236-237; not in the Wellcome catalog. A third volume appeared in 1807 as Psychologische Untersuchungen über den Wahnsinn und die übrigen Arten der Verrückung und ihrer Behandlung.Hoffbauer was Professor of Philosophy at Halle and a colleague and collaborator of Reil's. Though neither a physician nor a psychiatrist, Hoffbauer was an important figure for the emergence of psychiatry as a discipline. His Untersuchungen über die Krankheiten der Seele (1802-03 with a third volume issued in 1807) was one of the first sophisticated psychological and philosophical studies of psychiatric phenomena, which greatly stimulated interest in the emerging new field — Reil's pathbreaking Rhapsodien appeared in 1803. With Reil Hoffbauer published the 3-volume Beyträge zur Beforderung einer Curmethode auf psychischen Wege (1806-1809). In 1810 he translated Pinel into German. A minor Kantian, Hoffbauer also published a number of philosophical books.
OCLC records 8 copies: UCLA; Welch; NLM; Wellcome; Univ Minnestoa; Univ Texas Med Br; NY State Library; Univ Wisconsin Madison.Apparently the author's only major contribution to psychiatry, emphasizing its legal aspects. See Hirsch III, p. 255, for biographical & bibliographical data. Born in Coburg, Hohnbaum from 1820 was chief physician to the Duchy of Sachsen-Hildburghausen. He translated a number of significant English medical works into German, perhaps most notably Ballie's anatomy. Under his own name he published a number of works on internal medicine and infectious diseases. He co-edited Nasse's Zeitschrift f. psych. Aerzte (from 1818), Pabst's Med. Zeitung (from 1835). He contributed numerous articles to medical periodicals dealing with various medical subjects, including psychiatry and forensics.
STC 13895; GM-5 4964; Diamond 10.2, 15.4, 17.1.
Hunter & Macalpine p. 46. Long regarded as the first modern psychology book. Huarte attempts to explain the origin of individual differences with a humoral theory & "emphasizes somatic determinants of behavior" Diamond 11.2, 15.4 & 17.1. First published in Spanish in 1575, 1st English edition 1594 (translated from the Italian). Enormously popular Huarte's book was translated into seven languages and re-issued seventy times before 1700.
Hunter & Macalpine p. 335. Born in Ireland, Hutcheson was educated at Glasgow University before his return to Ireland in 1718. In the 1720s he produced four treatises that were profoundly to affect the course of British philosophy: the first two appearing in 1725 in his best known work, An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue; the second two appearing in 1728 in the present book. The two works secured his election as Professor of Moral Philosophy in Glasgow in 1729. Hutcheson seriously influenced the ideas of Hume, with whom he correspondend in the late 1730s and 1740s. Adam Smith and Thomas Reid were both students. "In his Essay … Hutcheson refined his moral psychology. offering a kind of phenomenology of the internal modifications and the ideas they provoke. In the appended Illustrations upon the Moral Sense, he not only addressed criticism of his theory but also endeavoured to show that rival systems, like those proposed by the rationalists, depended on a moral sense for their coherence" [Dictionary of Eighteenth Century British Philosophers 1: 456].An important contribution to moral theory, supplementing the discussion of morality in his 1725 Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue. Considerably influenced the Scottish 'Common Sense' philosophers. "Hutcheson was interested in the psychological aspects of temperament and emotion and the effect of the 'Association of Ideas' in rousing and maintaining feelings, even when 'contrary to Reason', and showed that they 'were not so much in our Power, as some seem to imagine', a fact which could account for a whole range of psychological responses, from normal to pathological." [HM].
Norman Catalog 1144; GM 4969.1; Diamond 17.5; Lane, pp. 99-185 and 257-286. In this first report Itard was optimistic about the feral child's prospects for language acquisition and socialization. In his 1807 second report his conclusions were much more pessimistic, as even after a number of years of intensive education the boy had been unable to learn to speak.Student of Pinel and one of the first otologists, Itard took charge of the wild boy of Averyon in an attempt to teach him language and social mores. "Itard's methods, described in his reports of 1801 and 1807, were based upon the philosopher Condillac's analytical approach to the acquisition of knowledge, which had been used with success in the teaching of deaf-mutes. However, in adapting this approach to the needs of his extraordinary pupil, Itard created an entirely new system of pedagogy" [Norman]. "It was Itard who first broke with traditional subject-matter instruction and implemented the education of the individual child through interaction with a carefully-prepared environment. It was Itard who first called for a scientific pedagogy based on philosophy and medicine, employing the technique of observation … It was Itard who spent long hours watching for the spontaneous expressions of his pupil in nature as in society, and he who, following the precepts of mental medicine, tailored the child's environment to accomodate and shape his needs. And it was Itard who took Condillac's model of the development of the intellect and first created a program of sensory education" [Lane When the Mind Hears, p. 283, quoted in the Norman Catalog]. "Itard's pedagogical methods were adopted by his student Edouard Séguin who applied them successfully to educating the mentally retarded, and by Maria Montessori, who applied them to childhood education in general" [Norman].
Wozniak Mind and Body #32 and pp. 34-35; Warda 195.Section 2: Psychiatry Before 1850 (L-W)
- Kant's major contribution to the nascent disciplines of psychiatry & psychology in which he classified the mental diseases and analyzed sensation, imagination, & feeling, concluding that the study of man could not be scientific since it was not mathematizable.
- A bona fide psychological treatise, "[l]ong ignored, probably in part because of its pronounced sympathy for a soon to be discredited physiognomy, the Anthropologie is, nonetheless, a fascinating little book. Here Kant analyzes the nature of the cognitive powers, feelings of pleasure and displeasure, affects, passions, and character in the context of a denial of the possibility of an empirical science of conscious process. The Anthropologie went through two editions during Kant's lifetime and several later printings and helped to define the context within which not only Herbart and Fechner but phenomenologically oriented physiologists such as Purkyne, Weber, and Müller worked to establish the science of conscious phenomena that Kant was unable to envision" [Wozniak, page 35].
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